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Cell Membrane
Outer boundary that separates cell from exterior
Phospholipid Bilayer
Double layer of phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane
Hydrophilic Heads
Water-loving part of phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane
Hydrophobic Tails
Water-fearing part of phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane
Plasma Membrane
Outer boundary that separates cell from exterior
Fluid Mosaic Model
Arrangement of components in the cell membrane to form a continuous sheet
Rafts
Pinches into two cells during cell division; pinch inward to bring material into cell
Cholesterol
Scattered through hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane, contributes to structural integrity
Integral Membrane Proteins
Proteins attached to the hydrophilic portion of the cell membrane with various functions
Pores or Channels
Controlled transport of hydrophilic molecules across the cell membrane
Cell Identity Markers
Glycoproteins or proteins that identify cells
Receptor Molecule
Binds to chemicals and causes changes inside the cell
Enzyme
Stimulates chemical reactions and metabolic pathways
Cytoplasm
Gel-like internal substance of cells
Cytosol
Watery intracellular fluid within the cell
Organelles
Specific structures within the cell that perform various functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membranous walled canals and flat curving sacs in parallel rows
Rough ER
Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on its outer surface for protein synthesis and intracellular transport
Smooth ER
Endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes certain lipids and carbohydrates and removes excess calcium from the cell's interior
Ribosomes
Non-membranous structures involved in protein synthesis
Mitochondria
Organelles involved in energy production
golgi apparatus
Membranous organelle involved in processing and packaging proteins, is then released out of cell through secretory vesicle
Cytoskeleton
Internal support framework that moves the cell or its parts, made up of tiny flexible fibers, detects changes inside or outside of cell
Cell Fibers
Tiny flexible fibers that extend from the plasma membrane and provide internal support, 3 different types
microfilaments
thin twisted proteins, can slide past each other to cause cell to shorten
intermidiate filaments
slightly thicker twisted proteins, acts like tendons and ligaments
Microtubules
Thickest cell fibers made of hollow tubes or protein subunits that move things around inside the cell
cell extensions
extend plasma membrane outward to form tiny fingerlike processes, 3 different types
Microvilli
Tiny fingerlike processes on epithelial cells that line areas to increase surface area, in digestive tract
Cilia
Cylinders made of microtubules in the respiratory tract that brush material past the cell's surface and have sensory functions
Flagella
Tail-like structure on sperm cells that propels them forward
Cell Connections
Structures that allow cells to connect closely with each other
Desmosomes
Interlocked fibers that provide strong adhesion between cells, spot or belt
Gap Junctions
Membrane channels that form gaps/tunnels between cells, allowing cytoplasm to join together forming 2 plasma membranes into single structure, heart or nervous tissue
Tight Junctions
Collars of tightly fused material that prevent movement of material across a sheet of cells, intestines and bbb
Lysosomes
Membranous sacs throughout the cell that contain powerful digestive enzymes for anything that shouldn’t be in cell
Proteasomes
Hollow cylinders throughout the cell that break down abnormal or defective proteins
peroxisomes
in kidney or liver cells, has enzymes that detoxify harmful substances in cell
Active Transport
Movement of substances against the concentration gradient, requiring energy
Endocytosis
Bulk movement of substances into the cell through vesicles
Exocytosis
Bulk movement of substances out of the cell through vesicles
Pumps
Membrane proteins that move substances against the concentration gradient
Calcium Pump
Pump that transports calcium ions in and out of muscle cells, atp breaks down into adp for this to happen
Sodium Potassium Pump
Pump that transports sodium and potassium ions in and out of cells, 3 sodium for every 2 potassium
Vesicle Mediated Transport
Transport of substances into or out of the cell through vesicles
Phagocytosis
Type of endocytosis where large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane, cell eating
Pinocytosis
Type of endocytosis where fluid is brought into the cell, cell drinking
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Type of endocytosis where specific substances are brought into the cell detected through receptors, plasma membrane is pulled inward to pinch around substance
Passive Transport
Movement of substances down the concentration gradient, not requiring energy
Osmosis
Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane
Simple Diffusion
Movement of substances without the need for special channels or carriers
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of substances through pores or channels
Channel Mediated Diffusion
Movement of substances through specific channels
Carrier Mediated Diffusion
Movement of substances through membrane proteins
gated ion channels
controls movement of ions, can be open,closed, or inactive
Aquaporins
Channels that facilitate the movement of water, very selective
Diffusion
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Solution
Mixture of solute and solvent
water pressure developing from osmosis
osmotic pressure
Tonicity
Relative osmotic pressure of two fluids or osmotic pressure outside the cell relative to inside the cell
greater amount of solute, greater amount of tonicity
Hypertonic Solution
Solution with a higher tonicity than inside the cell, water flows out of cell to dilute solution and cell may shrivel or shrink
Hypotonic Solution
Solution with a lower tonicity than inside the cell, water flows into cell to dilute solution inside cell and cell may swell or get bigger
isotonic solution
Same tonicity inside and outside of cell, so no net movement
State of balance where there is no net change in the amount of water and solute on each side of the membrane
equilibrium
Anabolism
Process of building larger molecules from smaller ones
Dehydration Synthesis
Anabolic reaction that forms larger molecules by removing water
Catabolism
Process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
Hydrolysis
Catabolic reaction that breaks down large molecules by adding water
Enzymes
Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions, reaction uses less energy
Substrate
The raw material before a reaction occurs, what the enzyme attaches to
The result of a chemical reaction
Product
The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate
Active Site
Allosteric Effector
Chemical or physical agent that changes the shape of the enzyme and can activate or inhibit it
eg. temp- enzymes have to be a certain temp for it to function
Process that converts glucose into ATP
cellular respiration
glycolysis
Initial step of cellular respiration that forms NADH and ATP, in cytosol
citric acid cycle
Generation of energy in the form of NADH, ATP, and reduced form of FADH2, in mitochondria
ETC
Generation of energy from energized electrons to ATP, in mitochondria