Introduction to Biology and Chemistry

These flashcards cover the key concepts from the Introduction to Biology and Chemistry notes, focusing on atomic structure, elements, chemical bonds, and biological importance.

Why are we studying chemistry?

Chemistry is intimately linked to the evolution of life and helps understand how atoms bond and how chemical reactions occur.

What is the structure of an atom?

An atom consists of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, surrounded by electrons that move around the nucleus.

What elements make up 96% of the human body?

Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18.5%), Hydrogen (9.5%), and Nitrogen (3%).

What are macromolecules?

Macromolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What are isotopes?

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses.

What is the octet rule?

Atoms are most stable when their outermost shell is filled to capacity, which is typically 8 electrons.

What are covalent bonds?

Covalent bonds are strong bonds formed when atoms share electrons.

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other, while covalent bonds involve sharing electrons.

What is hydrogen bonding?

Hydrogen bonding is an attraction between a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negatively charged atom of another molecule.

What role does the structure of water play in its properties?

The bent structure of water makes it polar, contributing to its high boiling point, high melting point, and surface tension.

What are functional groups?

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the chemical behavior of those molecules.

What is the significance of stable atoms?

Stable atoms do not tend to react or combine with other atoms.

What is a trace element?

Trace elements are elements required by organisms in minute quantities, such as iodine and potassium.

What was Dalton's atomic theory?

Dalton's atomic theory states that elements are made of tiny identical particles called atoms, which combine to form compounds and cannot be created or destroyed.

Why are noble gasses unreactive?

Noble gasses have filled valence shells, making them stable and unlikely to bond with other elements.