Art History Exam Gr 11

High Renaissance Achievment

Achieved illusion of reality using Renaissance innovations: accurate anatomy, linear & atmospheric perspective, natural and balanced composition, Chiaroscuro

Leonardo DaVinci

High Renaissance; never pleased with his work, resulting in a lot of unfinished paintings; Believed his greatest “failure” is his version of The Last Supper.

Michelangelo

Did sculpture, painting and poetry in the High Renaissance Era

Raphael

Painter and Architect from High Renaissance Era

Where/When was Renaissance Era

Began in Florence, Italy in early 1400’s and then spread across Europe

Renaissance Era

Rebirth of Greek/Roman ideas, interest in current world, focus on human form, realism, and using science/math in art.

Why did Renaissance take place

Increase trade → city growth, Increased wealth → middle class, Medici family supported artists

Perspective

Renaissance; creating illusion of depth on a flat surface

Linear perspective

Renaissance; lines converge at a vanishing point

Atmospheric perspective

Renaissance; Objects in distance become less detailed and more muted

Pyramid configuration

Renaissance; Profile that has a 3D, symmetrical composition that builds to a central focal point (ex: Mona Lisa)

Chiaroscuro

Renaissance; “light/dark”, light emerging from darkness giving illusion of round, sculptural relief on flat surface

Oil on Stretched Canvas

New medium of choice during Renaissance era, allowing them to add more details and have more colour range

Rediscovery + Contrapposto

Renaissance; Weight shift, where weight is placed on on leg creating tension on one side and relaxation on the other

Foreshortening

Renaissance; distorting objects to create illusion that the edge is closer to you

Sfumato

Renaissance; Gruadual blend one area of coolur into another wthout a sharp outline (opp of colouring book)

Renaissance in north vs italy

Northern painters has less interest in classical art, focused more on accuracy, details and symbolism

Oil Painting techniques

slower to dry, allowing artists to have more time to work and add details; layers of transparency added brilliance to colours so they looked as if they were lit from within.

Renaissance Era discovery

Oil on stretched canvas, Sfumato, Foreshortening, Rediscovery & Contrapposto, Chiaroscuro, Pyramid Configuration, Atmospheric/Linear perspective

Elements of art definition

basic components/building blocks artists use to create a work of art

Composition

Arrangement of elements in a work of art

7 Elements of Art

Line, Shape, Value, Form, Colour, Space, Texture (Let’s see funny cats visiting tiny spaces)

Shape

2D, Defined by lines

Geometric shape

created using a tool, like a compass or a ruler

Organic Shape

Naturally drawing, freehand, free flowing

Line

most fundamental element that begins with a dot and creates a path as it moves

Contour line

solid continuous line that captures details of outer edge of objects surface

Blind contour line

Like a regular contour line, but you don’t look at your paper and only your subject when you draw it

Line Abstraction

Drawing made only of lines with no realistic objects

Hue

name of colour

Value

lightness/darkness of a colour

intensity

brilliance/purity of a colour

Secondary colours

Orange, Purple, Green

Complementary Colours

Purple + Yellow, Blue + Orange, Red + Green

Tertiary/intermediate

mix of primary and secondary (label primary colour first) (red-orange), (yellow-green)

tint

making a lighter tone using white

shade

making a darker tone using its complement or black

colour wheel

way of organizing colours

Visual/simulated texture

texture is depicted in 2D, looks like real thing but doesn’t feel like real thing

Tactile/real texture

You can feel with your fingers

Foreground

space closest to viewer

middleground

space in the middle of image

background

space furthest away from viewer

how to create illusion of space

objects become smaller as u go further back, detail decreases when u go further back, overlapping, linear perspective, atmospheric perspective, position objects at top of page appear further away than bottom

Tonal value chart

chart showing gradation of values

Types of shading

blending/shading, crosshatching, stippling

Principals of Art Definition

arrangment of elements of art

8 Principles of Art

Movement, Harmony, Variety, Emphasis, Rhythm, Proportion, Repetition (My Happy Vife eats really big Pies regularly)

balance

combining elements to provide equilibrium/stability to a work of art

three types of balance

symmetrical, asymmetrical, cyclical

symmetrical balance

mirror or mirror like image

asymmetrical balance

not mirrored image, but evenly weighted

radial/cyclical balance

balance around a central point

variety

using various, contrasting elements for interest

emphasis/dominance

creating focus within work (size, positioning, colour)

proportion

relationship of certain elements to the whole and to each other

harmony/unity

combining similar elements in an artwork, too much can be boring

movement

moving viewer’s eye around comp or creating illusion that objects are in motion

repetition

repeating elements

rhythm

closely related to movement; repetition of elements to encourage movement

three types of rhythm

progressive, static, radial

progressive rhythm

the repeated elements changes in some way ( shrinking or expanding)

static rhythm

the repeated elements do not change in any way

radial rhythm

the repeated elements center around one main object, shape or space

mannerism

Deliberate revolt by artists against the goals of Renaissance

Rapahel Alba Madonna

Italy was peaceful, Church held unquestioned authority and art shows calm, balance and thoughtfulness

Protestant Reformation

Cause of Mannerism, began when group of Christians led by martin luther, broke away from the catholic church to form their own religion

event that shook italy before mannerism

Franch invasion, French defeat of rome - brought era of tension and disorder

mannerism characteristics

preferred imbalance, mirrored a world with confusion, unrealistic human proportions in impossible poses, supernatural figures that were slender, elegant and graceful

Baroque

Rome - church used art to try and attract back worshipers to church after Protestant Reformation, spread to france where monarchs used art to glorify themselves

Baroque characteristics

dramatic lighting, motion, strong emotion, complicated balance and many diagonals, rich, goal to draw the viewer into work

most influential artists of the Baroque period

Bernini

Caravaggio

Baroque - focused only on painting, created shock by placing religious figures in common, earthy settings

Baroque in spain

Velazquez was one of Spains great artists who was appointed court painter

Baroque in France

France was the most powerful nation culturally and militarily in Europe but Paris was fighting w rome as world capital of art; paris remained the centre of the art world until WWII, and their art began to serve the king as they once did the church

French style Baroque

favoured balanced classicism, french calld it Style of Louis XIV

Nicolas Poussin

studied in rom and stressd eliminaton of unnecessary detail and put emphasis on comp, balance and other things

Baroque impact on architecture

demanded for architcture that was more accessible to emotions and had a visible statement of the wealth and power of the church

features of Baroque architecture

• Long narrow naves replaced by broader, more circular forms (Baroque - big)

• Dramatic light or uniform lighting

• Use of ornaments

• Large scale ceiling frescoes

• interior is no more than a shell for painting and sculpture

• illusory effects and blending of painting and architecture

Rococo art in france

Paris - during reign of Louis XIV, emphasis on carefree pleasure seeking life of the aristocracy rather than on heroes or martyrs

Rocco art two major subjects

love and romance

rococo characteristics

playful, light and delicate, curved shapes, white, silver, gold, pinks, blues and greens

Rococo in England

used portraits, scenes, events from daily life and still lifes

3 phases of renaissance

early, high, late

Renaissance architecture

Revived elements from Classical times, such as the use of rounded arches, columns, domes, and

concrete; Emphasized simplicity, harmony and geometric shapes (circle and square)

Counter Reformation

Church’s response to Protestant Reformation, essentially starting the Baroque era

Neoclassicism causes

1: Revolution of the mind (Hume, voltaire, rousseau) and 2: political revolutions

Enlightenment philosphers

Hume, Voltaire and Rousseau who helped form Neoclassicism art by proclaiming all human affairs must be ruled by reason and common good rather than tradition and authority

Movement creating neoclassicism

Movement against rich Baroque art and frivolous Rococo art which had catered to the aristocracy, wanted to return to reason, morality and thinking of ancient Greeks and Romans

Political revoltuions

American revolution (1776) and french revolution (1789)

Jacques-Louis David

French painter who was the founder of Neoclassical painting by imitating Greek and Roman art to inspire the new French Republic

Allegorical

Symbolic of truth or generalization about human nature

Romanticism (1800-1850)

coincided w Neoclassical era and was a reaction against the stress put on reason during the Neoclassical era as it emphasized on emotion and individualism

Typical subjects of romanticism

nature, narratives heroic struggle, exotica, and violence; used deep rich shades of colour

Ingres

Star pupil of David; only he could unify psychological depth and physical accuracy

Odalisque

any reclining female figure as the subject for a painting or sculpture (uses polished skin surface and simple forms in contrast to irregular drapery)

Constable

Romanticism artist who believed landscapes should be based on observations

Romantic architecture

Revolt against the old order, searching the past to find a style one could accept emotionally, a revival of unlimited number of styles

Realism (1840-1900)

reaction against the subject matter of both Neoclassicism (gods/goddesses) and Romanticism (emotional, dramatic scenes); change in subject instead of style

subjects of realism

peasants and working class