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Transcontinental Railroad

Chinese and Irish immigrants did most of the work.

Impact of railroads on Plains Indians

It destroyed their land and buffalo, forced them onto reservations, and reduced their traditional way of life.

Wounded Knee Massacre

It marked the end of Native American resistance to U.S. government policies and the closing of the Indian Wars.

Angel Island

Asian immigrants, especially Chinese, entered the country through this immigration station.

Monopolies in the late 1800s

It reduced competition, allowed powerful businessmen to control prices, and limited consumer choices.

Monopoly Kings of the Industrial Revolution

John D. Rockefeller (oil), Andrew Carnegie (steel), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), and J.P. Morgan (banking).

Progressive Movement Characteristics

a. Political reform (fighting corruption) b. Economic reform (regulating big business) c. Social justice (helping the poor) d. Environmental conservation e. Expanding democracy (voting rights, initiative, referendum)

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social problems; they inspired reforms and government action to fix issues.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that limited African Americans' rights and strengthened segregation despite reforms.

Conservation Movement

To protect natural resources and preserve public lands; led mainly by President Theodore Roosevelt.

George Washington's Precedents

1. Formed a Cabinet 2. Served only two terms 3. Enforced federal laws (Whiskey Rebellion) 4. Remained neutral in foreign affairs.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws that restricted speech criticizing the government and made it harder for immigrants to vote; they violated free speech rights.

Sedition Act and Election of 1800

It hurt John Adams and helped Thomas Jefferson win because many saw it as abuse of government power.

Louisiana Purchase Constitutional Challenge

The Constitution didn't say presidents could buy land; Jefferson used the treaty-making power to justify it.

Impact of the War of 1812

It increased U.S. nationalism and manufacturing, and proved the nation could defend itself.

Monroe Doctrine

A policy warning Europe not to colonize or interfere in the Americas.

Jacksonian Democracy Components

a. Expanded voting rights to all white men b. Spoils system c. Indian Removal d. Opposition to the national bank e. Belief in the 'common man'.

American System

Henry Clay's plan to improve the economy through tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Temperance Movement

To reduce or ban alcohol use.

Women's Rights Movement

To gain equal rights, especially the right to vote.

Abolition Movement

To end slavery in the United States.

Public School Reform

To make education available to all children.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

To fight against slavery through an armed slave revolt.

Missouri Compromise

A law that balanced slave and free states by admitting Missouri as slave and Maine as free, and banned slavery north of 36°30'.

Mexican-American War Causes

Border disputes after Texas was annexed by the U.S. and the desire for more territory.

Effects of the Mexican-American War

The U.S. gained territory in the Southwest (Mexican Cession), increasing tensions over slavery.

Compromise of 1850

It admitted California as a free state and included a stronger Fugitive Slave Law.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and Congress couldn't ban slavery in territories.

John Brown's Purpose at Harper's Ferry

To start a slave rebellion by seizing weapons at a federal arsenal.

Election of 1860 Significance

Abraham Lincoln's victory led Southern states to secede from the Union.

Fort Sumter

First battle of the Civil War.

Antietam

Bloodiest single day; led to Emancipation Proclamation.

Gettysburg

Turning point; Union began to win.

Vicksburg

Gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

Atlanta

Major Union victory that helped Lincoln win re-election.

Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

To honor fallen soldiers and redefine the war as a fight for freedom and equality.

Emancipation Proclamation

To weaken the Confederacy and make ending slavery a war goal.

Presidential Reconstruction

Lenient plan under Andrew Johnson to quickly reunite the South.

Congressional (Radical Republican) Reconstruction

Harsher plan to punish the South and protect freedmen's rights.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Gave African American men the right to vote.

Black Codes and KKK

They limited African Americans' rights and used violence to maintain white supremacy.

Transcontinental Railroad Workers

Chinese and Irish immigrants.

Wounded Knee Massacre Significance

It ended Native American armed resistance and marked the close of the Indian Wars.

Angel Island Immigrants

Asian immigrants, especially Chinese.

Conservation Movement Purpose

To protect natural resources and public lands; led by Theodore Roosevelt.