American Literature Test

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Roger Williams

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English

98 Terms

1

Roger Williams

A man of conviction and contention

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2

The Bay Psalm Book

The first book printed in the English colonies

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3

Meter

the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line

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4

Poetic foot

each two- or three-syllable unit in a line of poetry

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5

Lamb

one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable; most common foot in English

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6

Common Meter

has a pattern of eight, six, eight, six syllables

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7

Anne Bradstreet

Tenth Muse

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8

Metaphor

an imaginative comparison of two dissimilar things, which can be implied or stated, brief or extended

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9

Simile

a comparison using like or as

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10

Personification

gives human characteristics to nonhuman objects or entities

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11

Apostrophe

an address to an absent person, abstraction, or object

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12

Biblical revelation

What had the final word for matters of life and godliness

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13

Protect

What did Roger Williams believe that was the only role of the government

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14

Roger Williams

Who is the co-founder of Rhode Island

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15

Key into the language of America

What book did Roger WIlliams write about the natives language

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16

Roger Williams

Who advocated for separation of church and state

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17

Tetrameter and trimeter

What does the common meter alternate between

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18

Metaphysical Poet

explorers intellectual and theological subjects

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19

Conceit

a striking, often elaborate comparison carried out in considerable detail

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20

Paradox

a statement that seems to be self-contradictory yet actually makes sense when understood in the right context

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21

Stanzas

divisions of a poem based on thought, meter, or rhyme

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22

Couplet

a stanza containing two lines

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23

Quatrain

a stanza containing four lines

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24

Sestet

a stanza containing six lines

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25

Heroic Couplet

comprised of lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs

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26

Imagery

descriptive words or phrases that appeal to sense perceptions to create an impression

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27

Jonathan Edwards

Who preached the most famous sermon in American history

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28

Samson Occom

Father of American Indian Literature

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29

Red Indian

Seneca Indian

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30

Autobiography

a work of nonfiction in which an author tells his own life story

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31

Speech

oral, public communication

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32

Deism

Rose out of the 18th century age of reason

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33

Samson Occom

Father of American Indian Literature

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34

Red Indian

Seneca Indian

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35

Speech

oral, public communication

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36

Parallelism

use of similar structure in two or more phrases, clauses, or sentences

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37

Rhetorical Question

a question that requires no answer because the implied answer is obvious

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38

Benjamin Franklin

Colonial Printer

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39

Characterization

the art of portraying a character in a narrative directly (though telling) or indirectly (though showing)

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40

Cultural Context

the beliefs, customs, and thoughts characteristic of the time and place in which a work of literature was created

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41

Patrick Henry

“give me liberty or give me death”

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42

Rhetorical figures

depart from the normal, literal use of language in order to achieve a special effect

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43

Antithesis

the use of syntactic parallelism in two adjacent phrases or clauses to emphasize their contrasting meaning

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44

Speed

not faster than your brain can process what you are saying; vary speed according to content

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45

Rhythm

help emphasize key points; use punctuation

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46

Flexibility

shifting speeds and rhythms to reflect the meaning to the text

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47

Thomas Paine

Radical Rationalist

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48

Propaganda

the use of emotional appeal to bypass reason

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49

Thomas Jefferson

Second Vice President and Third President of the United States

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50

Deduction

reasoning from a general truth to a specific conclusion

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51

Anaphora

deliberate repetition of words or phrases at the beginnings of grammatical units

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52

Phillis Wheatley

ought as a personal servant in Boston

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53

Neoclassical

adhering to the rules of genre and emphasizing clarity, order, decorum, the rule of reason, and didacticism

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54

Didactisim

instruction in literature

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55

Heroic Couplet

a pair of rhymed lines in iambic pentameter

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56

Blank verse

unrhymed iambic pentameter

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57

Diction

choice and use of words in speech or writing

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58

Thomas Paine

Who wrote the age of reason

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59

Religious and Moral

What subjects did Phillis Wheatley write about

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60

Laws of nature and human reason

What did the church of England use

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61

Native Americans

Who did Roger Williams purchase Rhode Island from

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62

Iambic foot

In the bay psalm book what foot did they use

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63

Brother and law

Who published Anne Bradstreet work

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64

Inadequate

How does Anne Bradstreet feel about praising God

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65

Spiritual

What did Anne Bradstreet focus on rather than earth

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66

Jobe

Who does Anne Bradstreet reference

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67

Sinners in the hand of an angry God

What is the most famous sermon

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68

Discrimination

What did Samson Occom face

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69

Honesty and fairness

How would colonist have to change according to Red Jacket

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70

Autobiography

Benjamin wrote what type of literature

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71

Deism

What did Benjamin Franklin believe in

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72

Philadelphia

What city did Benjamin Franklin runaway to

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73

13

How many virtues does Benjamin Franklin have

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74

Vanity

What is Benjamin Franklin’s main virtue

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75

Order and silence

Which of the 13 virtues gave Benjamin Franklin the most trouble

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76

George Whitfield

What evanglist did Benjamin Franklin praise

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77

Patrick Henry

Who said give me liberty or give me death

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78

To the University of Cambridge in New England

“Father of Mercy thy gracious hand”

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79

Anne Bradstreet

Who was the first women to publish literature

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80

Child

What did Anne Bradstreet compare the author to her book to

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81

tree and sun

What 2 elements of nature did Anne Bradstreet compare

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82

House and heart

What 2 examples of apostrophe did Anne Bradstreet use

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83

Poor Richard's Almanack

What is benjamin franklin's first book

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84

Virginia

What state was Patrick Henry governor of

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85

Major premise, minor premise, conclusion

What are 3 parts of syllogism

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86

Neoclassical

What type of writing styler did Philis Wheatley use

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87

Astronomy

What science did Philis Wheatley compare to the knowledge of God

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88

England

Where was Phillis Wheatley book published

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89

Anne Bradstreet

Who wrote the author to her book

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90

Anne Bradstreet

Who wrote from contemplations

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91

Anne Bradstreet

Who wrote here follows some verses upon the burning house

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92

Anne Bradstreet

Who wrote to my dear loving husband

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93

Edward Taylor

Who wrote Upon a Spider catching a fly

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94

Phillis Wheatley

Who wrote to the university of cambridge in New England

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95

Phillis Wheatley

Who wrote on being brought from Africa to America

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96

Symbolism

What is not an element of propaganda?

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97

Biblical text

What is the first part of the Puritan sermon structure?

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98

Syllogism

The declaration of independence is an example of what type of writing?

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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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