how does change spread?

global english

a new language is being born from standard english

Charles Hockett

all conventions of a language are learned by interacting with other users of the language

diaspora

the dispersal of people and their language to different parts of the world

S-curve model

change begins slowly, takes off and speeds up, then slows down and stabilises

Jean Aitchison

wrote language change: progress or decay?

old and new forms of language coexist until old forms are eventually lost

international english

the idea of english as a language this is used in international contexts

substratum theory

when speakers learn a new language they will learn it imperfectly and then pass these imperfections on

how tech spreads language

common online spellings and terms will aid the speed of cultural transmission