5: States of Consciousness

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Insomnia

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is defined by difficulties getting to sleep and /or staying asleep.

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Nonusers

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are healthier, earn more, and are more satisfied with their lives.

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127 Terms

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Insomnia

is defined by difficulties getting to sleep and /or staying asleep.

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Nonusers

are healthier, earn more, and are more satisfied with their lives.

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Hypnosis

is more successful at changing subjective experiences than it is at modifying behaviors like smoking.

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Metacognitition

: The conscious experience of thinking about your own thinking and performance.

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Narcolepsy

and cataplexy (which are caused by a sudden shift to Stage 1 REM patterns during normal waking hours.

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High doses

cause paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions.

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Ernest Hilgard

(1904- 2001): created best- known state theory- Argued hypnosis caused a dissociative state or "split "in awareness.

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Hidden observer

: A detached part of the hypnotized persons awareness that silently watches events.

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Overdose

: loss of consciousness, severe depression of brain centers that control heartbeat and breathing.

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Meditation

: Mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness.

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hyperactivity

Attention deficit / disorder (ADHD): A behavioral problem characterized by short attention span, restless movement, and impaired learning capacity.

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Hypnotists

have individual focus attention on the words asking them to relax, let go, and accept suggestions, and use their imagination.

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High

does cause impaired breathing and death.

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Hypnotizability

: Ones capacity for becoming hypnotized.

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Microsleep

: A brief shift in brain- wave patterns to those of sleep.

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disorientation

It causes , delusions, and hallucinations.

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Mindful meditation

: Mental exercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment.

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Psychoactive drug

: Any substance that can alter a persons state of consciousness.

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Long term effects

: shorter or no menstrual cycles and ovaluation, higher rate of miscarriages, harm to fetuses.

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synthesis model

The activation- portrays dreaming as a random physiological process.

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Hallucinogen

: A substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions.

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Monitor

and evaluate your thought process, understanding, and performance across different situations.

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Consciousness

: An organisms awareness of its external environment and internal mental processes.

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Withdrawal symptoms

: headache, cramps, insomnia, cravings, sweating, irritability.

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symbolic meaning

Latent content (of dreams): The hidden or of a dream, as revealed by dream interruption and analysis.

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synthesis hypothesis

Activation- (Allan Hobson and Robert Mccarley): Proposition that dreams are how brains process the random electrical discharges of REM sleep.

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Simulant

(upper): A substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system.

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Nightmare

: A bad dream that occurs during REM sleep.

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Concentrative meditation

: Mental exercise based on attending to a single subject or thought.

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Substance

use an addictive disorder: Abuse of, or dependence on, a mood- or behavior- altering drug or equivalent.

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Drug abuse

is most often associated with the last two recreational uses.

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Electroencephalograph

(EEG): Device that records electrical activity in the brain.

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body metabolism

Lowered and brain activity during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.

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Cocaine a natural stimulant

extracted from cocoa.

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Repair

/restorative theories of sleep: Proposals that lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.

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Somnambulists

: People who sleepwalk; occurs during NREM sleep.

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particular response

Stimulus control: Linking a(n) with specific stimuli.

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Heightens awareness

and produces relaxation by interrupting the typical flow of thoughts, worries, and analysis.

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REM rebound

: The occurrence of extra rapid eye movement sleep deprivation affects alcoholics giving them horrible nightmares.

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Mantra

: Focus of attention in concentrative meditation.

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Biological rhythm

: Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature.

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Basic suggestion

effect: The tendency of hypnotized persons to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary.

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Cultural norms

affect what ASCs a person recognizes, seeks, considers normal, and attains.

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Psychodynamic theories

: Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces.

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ASCs

are especially associated with sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and psychoactive drugs.

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Anhedonia

: An inability to feel pleasure.

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Manifest content

(of dreams): The surface,"visible "content of a dream; dream images as the dreamer remembers them.

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Alcohol myopia

: Shortsighted thinking and perception that occurs during alcohol intoxication.

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gradual reduction

Scheduled : Gradually stretching the length of time between cigarettes.

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Symptoms

: irritability, insomnia, racing heart, elevated body temperature, and high blood pressure.

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Consciousness

An organisms awareness of its external environment and internal mental processes

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Waking Consciousness

A state of clear, organized alertness

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Disorder of consciousness

A condition of awareness that is atypical (e.g., coma; persistent vegetative state)

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Persistent vegetative state

long-term waking state without any signs of awareness

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Altered state of consciousness (ASC)

A condition of awareness distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness

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Hypnosis

State of consciousness characterized by focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and heightened suggestibility

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Hidden observer

A detached part of the hypnotized persons awareness that silently watches events

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Basic suggestion effect

The tendency of hypnotized persons to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary

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Hypnotizability

Ones capacity for becoming hypnotized

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Meditation

Mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness

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Mindful meditation

Mental exercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment

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Concentrative meditation

Mental exercise based on attending to a single subject or thought

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Mantra

Focus of attention in concentrative meditation

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Relaxation response

The pattern of internal bodily changes that occurs at times of relaxation

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Biological rhythm

Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature

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Normal Sleep Time

7-8 hours

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Short sleep times

5 hours or less

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Longer sleep times

9 or more hours

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Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Device that records electrical activity in the brain

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Beta waves

Small, fast brain waves associated with being awake and alert

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Alpha waves

Large, slow brain waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep

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Sleep stages

Levels of sleep identified by brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes

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Rapid eye movement (REMs)

Swift eye movement during sleep

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REM sleep

Stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high frequency brain waves, and dreaming

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Non-REM(NREM) sleep

Non-rapid eye movement sleep characteristic of sleep Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4

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Stage 1 (light sleep)

Marked by small, irregular brain waves and some alpha waves

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Stage 2

Sleep deepens and body temperature drops, sleep spindles appear on EEG

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Sleep spindles

Distinctive bursts of brain-wave activity that indicate a person is asleep

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Stage 3

very larger and slow delta waves begin to appear

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Delta waves

Large, slow brain waves that occur in deeper sleep (stages 3 and 4.)

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Deep Sleep (Stage 4 sleep)

The deepest form of normal sleep is reached in about an hour

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REM rebound

The occurrence of extra rapid eye movement sleep deprivation affects alcoholics giving them horrible nightmares

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Repair/restorative theories of sleep

Proposals that lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life

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Sleep deprivation

Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep

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Microsleep

A brief shift in brain-wave patterns to those of sleep

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Sleep-deprivation psychosis

A major disruption of mental and emotional functioning brought about by sleep loss

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Psychodynamic theories

Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces

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Wish fulfillment

Freudian belief that many dreams express unconscious desires

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Dream symbols

Images in dreams that serve as visible signs of hidden ideas, desires, impulses, emotions, relationships, and so forth

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Manifest content (of dreams)

The surface, "visible" content of a dream; dream images as the dreamer remembers them

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Latent content (of dreams)

The hidden or symbolic meaning of a dream, as revealed by dream interruption and analysis

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Activation-synthesis hypothesis (Allan Hobson and Robert Mccarley)

Proposition that dreams are how brains process the random electrical discharges of REM sleep

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Neurocognitive dream theory (William Domhoff)

Proposal that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions

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Sleep-wake disorders

Difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up, or any combination of these, such as insomnia

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Insomnia

Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep

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Temporary Insomnia

Caused by stress and excitement

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Drug-dependency Insomnia

Sleep loss caused by withdrawal from sleeping pills

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Stimulus control

Linking a particular response with specific stimuli

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Somnambulists

People who sleepwalk; occurs during NREM sleep

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Nightmare

A bad dream that occurs during REM sleep