5: States of Consciousness

Insomnia

________ is defined by difficulties getting to sleep and /or staying asleep.

Nonusers

________ are healthier, earn more, and are more satisfied with their lives.

Hypnosis

________ is more successful at changing subjective experiences than it is at modifying behaviors like smoking.

Metacognitition

________: The conscious experience of thinking about your own thinking and performance.

Narcolepsy

________ and cataplexy (which are caused by a sudden shift to Stage 1 REM patterns during normal waking hours.

High doses

________ cause paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions.

Ernest Hilgard

________ (1904- 2001): created best- known state theory- Argued hypnosis caused a dissociative state or "split "in awareness.

Hidden observer

________: A detached part of the hypnotized persons awareness that silently watches events.

Overdose

________: loss of consciousness, severe depression of brain centers that control heartbeat and breathing.

Meditation

________: Mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness.

hyperactivity

Attention deficit /________ disorder (ADHD): A behavioral problem characterized by short attention span, restless movement, and impaired learning capacity.

Hypnotists

________ have individual focus attention on the ________ words asking them to relax, let go, and accept suggestions, and use their imagination.

High

________ does cause impaired breathing and death.

Hypnotizability

________: Ones capacity for becoming hypnotized.

Microsleep

________: A brief shift in brain- wave patterns to those of sleep.

disorientation

It causes ________, delusions, and hallucinations.

Mindful meditation

________: Mental exercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment.

Psychoactive drug

________: Any substance that can alter a persons state of consciousness.

Long term effects

________: shorter or no menstrual cycles and ovaluation, higher rate of miscarriages, harm to fetuses.

synthesis model

The activation- ________ portrays dreaming as a random physiological process.

Hallucinogen

________: A substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions.

Monitor

________ and evaluate your thought process, understanding, and performance across different situations.

Consciousness

________: An organisms awareness of its external environment and internal mental processes.

Withdrawal symptoms

________: headache, cramps, insomnia, cravings, sweating, irritability.

symbolic meaning

Latent content (of dreams): The hidden or ________ of a dream, as revealed by dream interruption and analysis.

synthesis hypothesis

Activation- ________ (Allan Hobson and Robert Mccarley): Proposition that dreams are how brains process the random electrical discharges of REM sleep.

Simulant

________ (upper): A substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system.

Nightmare

________: A bad dream that occurs during REM sleep.

Concentrative meditation

________: Mental exercise based on attending to a single subject or thought.

Substance

________ use an addictive disorder: Abuse of, or dependence on, a mood- or behavior- altering drug or equivalent.

Drug abuse

________ is most often associated with the last two recreational uses.

Electroencephalograph

________ (EEG): Device that records electrical activity in the brain.

body metabolism

Lowered ________ and brain activity during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.

Cocaine a natural stimulant

________ extracted from cocoa.

Repair

________ /restorative theories of sleep: Proposals that lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.

Somnambulists

________: People who sleepwalk; occurs during NREM sleep.

particular response

Stimulus control: Linking a(n) ________ with specific stimuli.

Heightens awareness

________ and produces relaxation by interrupting the typical flow of thoughts, worries, and analysis.

REM rebound

________: The occurrence of extra rapid eye movement sleep deprivation affects alcoholics giving them horrible nightmares.

Mantra

________: Focus of attention in concentrative meditation.

Biological rhythm

________: Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature.

Basic suggestion

________ effect: The tendency of hypnotized persons to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary.

Cultural norms

________ affect what ASCs a person recognizes, seeks, considers normal, and attains.

Psychodynamic theories

________: Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces.

ASCs

________ are especially associated with sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and psychoactive drugs.

Anhedonia

________: An inability to feel pleasure.

Manifest content

________ (of dreams): The surface,"visible "content of a dream; dream images as the dreamer remembers them.

Alcohol myopia

________: Shortsighted thinking and perception that occurs during alcohol intoxication.

gradual reduction

Scheduled ________: Gradually stretching the length of time between cigarettes.

Symptoms

________: irritability, insomnia, racing heart, elevated body temperature, and high blood pressure.

Consciousness

An organisms awareness of its external environment and internal mental processes

Waking Consciousness

A state of clear, organized alertness

Disorder of consciousness

A condition of awareness that is atypical (e.g., coma; persistent vegetative state)

Persistent vegetative state

long-term waking state without any signs of awareness

Altered state of consciousness (ASC)

A condition of awareness distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness

Hypnosis

State of consciousness characterized by focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and heightened suggestibility

Hidden observer

A detached part of the hypnotized persons awareness that silently watches events

Basic suggestion effect

The tendency of hypnotized persons to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary

Hypnotizability

Ones capacity for becoming hypnotized

Meditation

Mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness

Mindful meditation

Mental exercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment

Concentrative meditation

Mental exercise based on attending to a single subject or thought

Mantra

Focus of attention in concentrative meditation

Relaxation response

The pattern of internal bodily changes that occurs at times of relaxation

Biological rhythm

Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature

Normal Sleep Time

7-8 hours

Short sleep times

5 hours or less

Longer sleep times

9 or more hours

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Device that records electrical activity in the brain

Beta waves

Small, fast brain waves associated with being awake and alert

Alpha waves

Large, slow brain waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep

Sleep stages

Levels of sleep identified by brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes

Rapid eye movement (REMs)

Swift eye movement during sleep

REM sleep

Stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high frequency brain waves, and dreaming

Non-REM(NREM) sleep

Non-rapid eye movement sleep characteristic of sleep Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4

Stage 1 (light sleep)

Marked by small, irregular brain waves and some alpha waves

Stage 2

Sleep deepens and body temperature drops, sleep spindles appear on EEG

Sleep spindles

Distinctive bursts of brain-wave activity that indicate a person is asleep

Stage 3

very larger and slow delta waves begin to appear

Delta waves

Large, slow brain waves that occur in deeper sleep (stages 3 and 4.)

Deep Sleep (Stage 4 sleep)

The deepest form of normal sleep is reached in about an hour

REM rebound

The occurrence of extra rapid eye movement sleep deprivation affects alcoholics giving them horrible nightmares

Repair/restorative theories of sleep

Proposals that lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life

Sleep deprivation

Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep

Microsleep

A brief shift in brain-wave patterns to those of sleep

Sleep-deprivation psychosis

A major disruption of mental and emotional functioning brought about by sleep loss

Psychodynamic theories

Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces

Wish fulfillment

Freudian belief that many dreams express unconscious desires

Dream symbols

Images in dreams that serve as visible signs of hidden ideas, desires, impulses, emotions, relationships, and so forth

Manifest content (of dreams)

The surface, "visible" content of a dream; dream images as the dreamer remembers them

Latent content (of dreams)

The hidden or symbolic meaning of a dream, as revealed by dream interruption and analysis

Activation-synthesis hypothesis (Allan Hobson and Robert Mccarley)

Proposition that dreams are how brains process the random electrical discharges of REM sleep

Neurocognitive dream theory (William Domhoff)

Proposal that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions

Sleep-wake disorders

Difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up, or any combination of these, such as insomnia

Insomnia

Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep

Temporary Insomnia

Caused by stress and excitement

Drug-dependency Insomnia

Sleep loss caused by withdrawal from sleeping pills

Stimulus control

Linking a particular response with specific stimuli

Somnambulists

People who sleepwalk; occurs during NREM sleep

Nightmare

A bad dream that occurs during REM sleep