Migration & Refugee Exam 2

migrant v refugee v IDP

migrant:

refugee: individual with well-grounded fear of persecution for race, religion, nationality, social group membership or political opinion, outside citizenship country and is unable or unwilling (due to fear) to utilize country protections

IDP: a people displaced within their citizenship country’s borders due to conflict

perceptions of migrants

politicization of migration

internal security through social insecurity by elites, threat frames (speech acts, perception of threat), spending on security & policing

externalization v internalization

externalization: foreign policy to enforce national security & competition, weaponize immigration by threatening to send for leverage, strategic diplomacy

internalization: politicization of security, conflict diversion (cause or be caused by migration)

authority in externalization v internalization

external: embassy & consulates, partnership border agreements, offshoring detention & processing facilities

internal: enforcement by policing & bureaucrats, border patrol & ICE (287g w/ local police), “sanctuary cities”

border work - appearance & purpose

diverse border practices and ways that actors can reinforce or erode distinctions between insiders and outsiders (citizens and aliens)

manifestations of borders

physical: fences, walls, militarized agents, drones, barbed wire

legal/social: restrictionist acts, state declarations/constitutions of citizenship and rights, UDHR for protection of internal movement

e-verify

system that allows enrolled employers to confirm the eligibility of their employees to work in the United States, run by DHS

Frontex

border enforcement agency in EU which, combined with the European Neighborhood Policy to enfold periphery states in EU sphere of influence, focused on border securitization and irregular migration control

hard v soft law, norms

hard law: treaties and conventions, legal forms of migration management/regulation

soft law: customs and human rights norms, not legally binding

delimiting

placing borders physically or socially around “us” to keep “them” out

securitization & Dublin III regulations

asylum seekers are seen as potential threats to national security, held in detention centers

Dublin III: asylum cases should be heard in the first EU country of entry and cannot be detained, exception of ‘significant risk of absconding’

protection gaps

economic, social, political, and legal gaps in basic rights

global border regime

restriction of movement between states by birthplace documents to protect privilege and contain labor

liberal paradox

persistent tension between openness demanded by liberalism and markets, and the cultural closure demanded by national societies

solution: intensification of state action to control migration to suit state and constituencies’ needs (migration management)

alienage

status of being outside the political community, even if physically present within

bureaucratic proceduralism

visas & passports

visa: granted by country of destination, typically arranged before travel to specify purpose and length of visit and/or remain in destination

passport: legal document to authenticate origin of arriving people and combat smuggling

asylum

seeking protection in other countries for fear of persecution, eroding since 1951 and circumventing via return hubs and neo-refoulement

neo & non refoulement

neo: preemptive returning of asylum seekers to transit country or place of origin before reaching sovereign territory to file claim

non: barring signatory states from returning refugees to country in facing persecution

ethnic v national identity, Heritage Americans

ethnic: culture, race, in-group base identity

national: alliegence, community, all are “one” base identity

Heritage Americans fear migrants “mixing” with others because of nationalism

detention centers v holding cells v return hubs v refugee camps

detention: housing location for migrants after processing before deportation

holding: after asylum request, provides basic needs and temporary visa during wait

return:

refugee: official receive recourses from intl orgs and donors, informal bubilt on private unused land, temporary or long-lasting

huguenots

French Protestant refugees fleeing late 17c and welcomed by Britain

pogroms

violent attacks on Russian Jews & Roma in late 19c, driving western migration

repatriation

returning of people to their origin countries