Mr sins ultimate review packet unit 1

Psychology

The scientific study of mental processes and behavior.

Wilhelm Wundt

Known as the father of psychology, he established the first psychology laboratory dedicated to research.

William James

Taught the first psychology course at Harvard University and developed the theoretical approach of functionalism.

G hall

The first American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology, opened the first psychology lab in the U.S., and was the first president of the APA.

Mary Whiton Calkins

Made significant contributions to memory research and became the first female president of the APA.

Margaret Floy Washburn

The first woman to earn a psychology degree and the second female president of the APA.

Charles Darwin

Proposed natural selection and supported evolutionary psychology.

Dorothea Dix

Advocated for reform in the treatment of mentally ill individuals.

Sigmund Freud

Developed psychoanalytic theory focusing on the unconscious mind.

Ivan Pavlov

Known for classical conditioning in dogs, a form of reflex conditioning.

Jean Piaget

Conducted systematic studies on cognitive development and proposed a stage theory.

Carl Rogers

A founder of humanistic psychology, contributed to understanding personalities.

B.F

Expanded behaviorism with operant conditioning.

John B

Founder of behaviorism, emphasized observable behaviors in psychology.

Structuralism

Observes consciousness through individual parts using introspection.

Functionalism

Focuses on evolved functions of mental and behavioral processes.

Gestalt

Studies the whole consciousness and organizational processes.

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

Focuses on unconscious processes and the conflict between id, ego, and superego.

Introspection

Process of self-observation in structuralism.

Free Association

Technique in psychoanalytic theory where one idea triggers another.

Behaviorism

Focuses on observable behaviors learned through experiences.

Humanistic

Believes in human potential and self-actualization.

Sociocultural

Studies the impact of culture on behavior and mental processes.

Evolutionary Approach

Examines behaviors influenced by natural selection.

Biological Approach

Studies the link between biological and psychological processes.

Cognitive Approach

Focuses on how individuals process information.

Biopsychosocial Approach

Considers thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and their impact on health.

Basic Research Domains

Biological, developmental, cognitive, educational, personality, social, positive, psychometric.

Applied Research Domains

Industrial-organizational, counseling, clinical.

Counselor vs physcartrist

Counselors help cope with life challenges, while psychiatrists provide therapy and medical treatment.

Operational Definition

Description of something in terms of observable procedures.

Sample vs

Sample is a selected group from the population for study.

Random Sample vs population

Random sample gives each individual an equal chance, while stratified divides the population into subcategories.

Representative Sample

Ensures all population groups are represented in a study.

Sampling Bias

Skewed results due to a non-representative sample.

Reliability

Repeatability of a test or study.

Validity

How well a test measures what it claims to measure.

Single-blind Study

Subjects are unaware of their group assignment, but the researcher knows.

Double-blind Study

Both the researcher and subjects are unaware of group assignments.

Hindsight Bias

Tendency to believe an event's outcome could have been predicted after it happened.

False Consensus Effect

Overestimating how many others share one's opinions.

Confirmation Bias

Focusing only on information supporting one's beliefs.

Experimenter Bias/Researcher Bias

When researchers unknowingly influence study outcomes.

Social Desirability Bias/Participant Bias

Participants skew answers to appear more favorable.

Hawthorne Effect

Participants alter behavior due to being observed.

Qualitative Data

Information in word form open to interpretation.

Quantitative Data

Numerical facts providing specific information.

Descriptive Statistics

Organize and describe data.

Inferential Statistics

Make predictions about data to generalize to a population.

Statistical Significance

Results are unlikely due to chance (p ≤ 0.05).

P Value of 0.80

Results not statistically significant, 80% chance due to chance.

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean, median, and mode.

Bimodal Skew

Data with two peaks or modes.

Positive Z Score

Data above the mean in a normal distribution.

Negative Z Score

Data below the mean in a normal distribution.

Correlational Studies

Allow predictions and understanding of relationships between variables.

Correlational Studies and Cause-Effect

False, may have confounding variables.

American Psychological Association (APA)

Sets ethical standards for psychologists.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Ensures research safety and participant protection.

Informed Consent

Participants understand study risks and voluntarily agree to participate.

Protection in Experiments

Include informed consent, safe environment, and no unnecessary risks.

Stanford Prison Experiment Failures

Lack of participant protection and researcher oversight.

Stanford Prison Experiment Improvements

Third-party oversight and enforced rules for participant safety.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Ensures animal protection in studies.