digestion pt 2

in the human body, cells have 3 common features:

1. organelles

2. cytoplasm

3. membranes

what is the powerhouse of the cell?

mitochondria

except for __ _____ cells, all cells have a mitochondria

red blood

the DNA in cells is packaged as structures called _______

chromosomes

the outer membrane of the cell nucleus is continuous with a network of tubes is called the ______

endoplasmic reticulum ER

what is the endoplasmic reticulum covered in?

ribosomes

the parts of the endoplasmic reticulum that are covered in ribosomes are

a)rough

b)smooth

rough

what are the 3 roles of the endoplasmic reticulum?

1. lipid synthesis

2. detoxification of harmful substances

3. storage of calcium in the cell

what are the two other names for the golgi complex?

golgi apparatus, golgi body

what is the role of the golgi complex?

it is the packaging site for proteins and lipids produced in the cell. they are packaged into secretory vesicles and then transported

in the _____ system, blood leaves the heart into arteries, which branch into capillaries, then the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products occur through the tiny weblike pores of the capillaries. The blood then returns to the heart through the veins. other functions include controlling body temperature, the distribution of white cells through the body, and the delivery of hormones to target cells

cardiovascular

true or false: lymph contains white blood cells and plasma and fats

true

true or false: lymph contains red blood cells and platelets

false

what is the lacteal?

a lymphatic vessel that absorbs fats from the small intestine

most dietary fats are too large to enter the capillaries that surround the cardiovascular system. Instead most dietary fats enter through the ______and travel through the _______ system instead until lymph is emptied into the bloodstream by a duct near the heart

lacteals, lymphatic system

the main function of kidneys is to….

remove waste from the body

the ______ are constantly filtering blood to control its composition

kidneys

what two hormones are released from the pancreas?

insulin and glucagon

true or false: food matter passes through males quicker than females

true

what is the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion?

mechanical- muscles churning

chemical- cehmical breakdown of food from acids/enzymes

how long does partially digested food spend in the stomach

2-3 hours

how long does food spend in the small intestine

3-10 hours

how long does food spend in the large intestine?

72 hours

on average, absorption and digestion of a meal takes about _______ days

2

what is the mouth’s role in the GI tract?

chew food

perceive taste

moisten food with saliva

lubricate food with mucus

release small amount of enzymes to digest carbs (salivary amylase) and fats (salivary lipase)

initiate swallowing reflex

what is the esophagus’ role in the GI tract

lubricate with mucus

move food with peristaltic waves (swallowing)

what is the stomach’s role in the GI tract?

Store, mix, dissolve, and continue digestion of food

Dissolve food particles with secretions

Kill microorganisms with acid

Release enzymes to digest protein (pepsin) and some fat (gastric lipase)

Lubricate and protect stomach surface with mucus

Regulate emptying of dissolved food into small intestine

Produce intrinsic factor for vitamin

B-12 absorption

what is the small intestines role in the GI tract?

Mix and propel contents

Lubricate with mucus

Digest and absorb most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas (amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin) and small intestinal cells (lactase, sucrase, maltase, and peptidases)

what is the role of the pancreas in the GI tract?

Secrete sodium bicarbonate and enzymes to digest carbohydrate (pancreatic amylase), fat (pancreatic lipase), and protein (trypsin and chymotrypsin)

what is the role of the liver/gallbladder in the Gi tract?

Produce and store bile to aid fat digestion and absorption

what is the role of the large intestine in the Gi tract

Mix and propel contents

Absorb sodium, potassium, and water House bacteria, which synthesize some vitamins and short-chain fatty acids

Lubricate with mucus

Form feces

what is the starch dissolving enzyme?

salivary amylase

what is the fat-digesting enzyme?

lipase

what is peristalsis?

a coordinated muscular contraction used to propel food down the gastrointestinal tract

what is the pyloric sphincter

it is a ring of smooth muscle between the stomach and small intestine that controls the rate at which chyme is released into the small intestine

most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs in the ______

small intestine

the lining of the small intestine is called _____ and is folded many times. within these folds are fingerlike projections called ____. and ok the mucosal surface each of these cells are folded even further into _____

mucosa, villi, microvilli

table 1

table 2

the large intestine is home to a large population of batteries (over 500 different species) which are collectively called the _____

microbiota

what are the accessory organs

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

where is bile produced and where is it stored?

it is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder (until the gallbladder gets the hormonal signal to release it into the small intestine via the bile duct)

when does bile transfer from the gallbladder to the small intestine?

when there is

what is the role of biocarbonate?

to neutralize chyme (which is very acidic) in the stomach

where is pancreatic juice produced and what is its purpose?

The pancreas produces pancreatic juice, which contains water, bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic juice is released through the pancreatic duct, which joins with the common bile duct, to flow into the small intestine in response to hormonal signals from the cells of the small intestine.

Pancreatic duct

Jejunum

m

the

Accessory

e into

pancreatic duct

digestion.

come into contact with these accessory organs, the liver, gallbladder,

where is acid produced?

in the stomach

where is bicarbonate produced?

pancreas and small intestine

what is the enzyme that breaks down proteins?

protease

what are probiotics? name a 3 common ones

living organisms that have positive effects on the human health if they are consumed in sufficient quantities through food/supplements

lactobacillus, lactoccus, streptococcus (frequently grouped together as lactic acid

true or false: all probiotics are bacteria

false

what are prebiotics?

foods that nourish the bacteria (postbiotics) in your gut

When people do not meet their needs for certain nutrients, blood levels of these nutrients can be maintained by breaking down body tissues. For example, if dietary calcium intake is inadequate, calcium will be withdrawn from bone to maintain blood calcium levels within a normal range.

read that again

which vitamin is harmful in large quantities and which one is excreted if too much is consumed

1. vitamin a

2. vitamin c

1. vitamin a- harmful

2. vitamin c-excreted

gluten is a type of protein found in certain grains: _____, ______, and ____

wheat, barley, rye

is celiac disease a food allergy or an autoimmune disease?

autoimmune disease meaning that the immune system attacks and destroyed its own cells

true or false

celiac disease side effect: the ability of the small intestine to absorb nutrients is impaired

true

how do you manage celiac disease?

avoid wheat, rye, and barley

is potato flour gluten free?

yes