W14: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

Both ____________ and ___________ contain a carbonyl functional group.

1.) aldehydes
2.) ketones

Functional group with carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

carbonyl group

What is the structural representation for carbonyl group:

In an aldehyde, one of the two additional bonds that the carbonyl carbon atom forms must be to _________ atom.

hydrogen

In a ketone, both of the additional bonds of the carbonyl carbon atom must be to another _____________ that is part of an alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aromatic group.

carbon atom

An _____________ is a carbonyl- containing organic compound in which the carbonyl carbon atom has at least one hydrogen atom directly attached to it.

aldehyde

Draw the aldehyde functional group:

A _________ is a carbonyl- containing organic compound in which the carbonyl carbon atom has two other carbon atoms directly attached to it.

ketone

Draw the ketone functional group:

Cyclic ___________ are not possible.

aldehydes

Unlike aldehydes, __________ can form cyclic structures,

ketones

Nomenclature for aldehydes: Name the parent chain by changing the -e ending
of the corresponding alkane name to ___.

-al

Nomenclature for ketones: Name the parent chain by changing the -e ending of the
corresponding alkane name to _____.

-one

______________ is the simplest aromatic ketone.

Acetophenone

The simplest aldehyde, with only one carbon atom, is manufactured on a large scale by the oxidation of methanol.

Formaldehyde

What is the major use of formaldehyde?

manufacture of polymers

At room temperature and pressure, formaldehyde is an ____________.

irritating gas

Bubbling this gas (formaldehyde) through water produces ___________, an aqueous solution containing 37% formaldehyde by mass or 40% by volume.

formalin

Formalin is used for preserving biological specimens, anyone who has experience in a biology laboratory is familiar with the _______ odor of formalin.

pungent

• Formalin is also the most widely used ________________ in embalming fluids used by morticians.

  • Its mode of action involves reaction with protein molecules in a manner that links
    the protein molecules together; the result is a “hardening” of the protein.

preservative chemical

• a colorless, volatile liquid with a pleasant, mildly “sweet” odor, is the simplest ketone and is also the ketone used in largest volume in industry.

Acetone

• Acetone is an _______________ because it is miscible with both water and nonpolar solvents.

• excellent solvent

Acetone is the main ingredient in ___________________ that are designed to solubilize water in the gas tank and allow it to pass through the engine in miscible form.

gasoline treatments

Acetone can also be used to ___________ from glassware in the laboratory.

remove water

Small amounts of acetone are produced in the human body in reactions related to obtaining ____________________.

energy from fats

____________ people produce larger amounts of acetone, not all of which can be degraded.

Diabetic

The ________________ in urine is a sign of diabetes.

presence of acetone

In severe diabetes, the odor of acetone can be detected on the person’s __________.

breath

Aldehydes and ketones occur widely in _________.

nature

________________________________, usually have pleasant odors and flavors and are often used for these properties in consumer products such as perfume and fresheners.

Naturally occurring aldehyde and ketones

What are the three important ketone steroid hormones?

1.) Testosterone
2.) Progesterone
3.) Cortisone

the hormone that controls the development of male sex characteristics

testosterone

the hormone secreted at the time of ovulation in females

progesterone

a hormone from the adrenal glands that is used medicinally to relieve inflammation

cortisone

The ____ and ____ aldehydes are gases at room temperature.

1.) C1
2.) C2

The ____________________ straight-chain saturated aldehydes are liquids, and the higher aldehydes are solids.

C3 through C11

The presence of ____________ tends to lower both boiling points and melting points, as does the presence of unsaturation in the carbon chain.

alkyl groups

colorless liquids at room temperature

Lower-molecular-mass ketones

Aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points than the _________________ because no hydrogen bonding occurs as it does with alcohols.

corresponding alcohols

Aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than _______ because of dipole–dipole attractions between molecules.

alkanes

As the hydrocarbon portions get larger, the water solubility of aldehydes and ketones __________.

decreases

Aldehydes and ketones can be produced by the ________ of primary and secondary alcohols.

oxidation

__________ do not undergo the further oxidation that aldehydes do.

Ketones