AP Euro Review Guide

Humanism

Focus on the study of classical texts, human potential, and achievements during the Renaissance.

Secularism

Shift toward non-religious themes in art and thought characteristic of the Renaissance.

Individualism

Emphasis on personal achievement and self-expression, prominent in Renaissance culture.

Civic Humanism

The idea that education should prepare leaders to participate in civic life, central to Renaissance thought.

Petrarch

Revered as the 'Father of Humanism' who rediscovered classical texts.

Machiavelli

Author of The Prince, known for advocating realpolitik and the idea that 'the ends justify the means'.

Erasmus

Christian humanist known for Praise of Folly, which critiqued Church corruption.

Thomas More

Author of Utopia, critiquing European political and economic systems.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court ruling that declared separate educational facilities inherently unequal.

Heliocentric Theory

The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun, first proposed by Copernicus.

'Gold, God, and Glory'

Motivations driving European exploration during the Age of Exploration.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of crops, animals, diseases, and technology between the Old World and the New World.

Mercantilism

An economic policy emphasizing the accumulation of wealth and the establishment of colonies.

Indulgences

Pardons for sins sold by the Catholic Church, leading to criticism and the Protestant Reformation.

Sola Fide

Lutheran doctrine emphasizing faith alone as the means to salvation.

Sola Scriptura

Lutheran doctrine stating that the Bible is the sole authority in matters of faith.

Diet of Worms

The assembly in 1521 where Martin Luther was excommunicated by the Pope.

Council of Trent

The Catholic Church's ecumenical council that addressed church reforms and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine.

French Wars of Religion

Conflict between Huguenots and Catholics in France, marked by significant violence and unrest.

Peace of Augsburg

The 1555 treaty that allowed German princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territories.

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, natural rights, and social contracts as foundations for political systems.

Natural Rights

The concept that all individuals possess inherent rights to life, liberty, and property.

General Will

The collective will of the people, a principle advocated by Rousseau.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and established himself as Emperor.

Congress of Vienna

The assembly of European powers post-Napoleon aimed at restoring order and balance of power.

Industrial Revolution

A period marked by the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States.

Proletariat

The working-class people, particularly those selling their labor, in contrast to the bourgeoisie.

Marxism

A socio-political theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocating for class struggle and a classless society.

Berlin Wall

A barrier separating East and West Berlin that became a symbol of the Cold War and the division of Europe.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba.

Brexit

The United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union, officially executed in January 2020.