digestive system (correct)

A&P 102 exam 4

what are the 6 processes of digestion

ingestion

propulsion

mechanical digestion

chemical digestion

absorption

defication

taking food into the mouth

ingestion

swallowing and peristalsis

propulsion

chewing, churning, segmentation

mechanical digestion

enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules

chemical digestion

nutrients enter blood or lymph

absorption

elimination of indigestible waste

defecation

basic functions of digesting activities (5)

motility

secretion

digestion

absorption

regulation

smooth muscles that move food along

motility

category of enzymes, mucus, bile, acid

secretion

mechanical and chemical breakdown

digestion

transport of nutrients

absorption

neural and hormonal control

regulation

4 basic layers of the alimentary canal: from inner to outer

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis externa

serosa

functions of mucosa

secretion, absorption, protection

functions of submucosa

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics

functions of muscularis externa

peristalsis and segmentation

functions of serosa

outer protective layer, reduces friction

what are the salivary glads (3)

parotid

submandibular

sublingual

what are the functions of the salivary glands

lubrication

begin starch digestion

antibacterial

dissolve chemicals for taste

hardened dental plaque

calculus

gum inflammation

gingivitis

destruction of periodontal ligament and bone

periodontal disease

stomach acid refluxes into esophagus

GERD

Part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity → increases reflux

hiatal hernia

what are the gastric gland cells (4)

mucous neck cells

parietal cells

chief cells

enteroendocrine cells

secretion of mucous neck cells

acidic mucus

secretions of parietal cells

HCL and intrinsic factor

secretions of chief cells

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

secretions of enteroendocrine cells

hormones: gastrin, histamine, somastatin

open sores in stomach or duodenum is caused by:

H pylori infection

NSAIDS

excess acid

A spiral bacterium that burrows into mucosa → inflammation → ulcers

H. pylori

glycoprotein needed for vitamin B12 absorption in ileum

intinsic factor

what would happen without intrinsic factor

B12 deficiency and pernicious anemea

3 phases of gastric secretion

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

what is the cephalic phase

smell/think of food

vagus nerve stimulates gastric juice

what is the gastric phase

food in stomach

stretch and peptides

gastrin release

what is the intestinal phase

chyme enters duodenum

brief stimulation, then inhibition

where is HCl produced

parietal cells

functions of HCl

activates pepsin

denatures proteins

kills microbes

helps iron absorption

what are the general name of hormones that inhibit gastric activity

enterogastrone hormones

what are the enterogastrone hormones

secretion

CCK

GIP

Slow waves generated by pacemaker cells in the stomach & intestines that coordinate peristalsis

Basic electrical rhythm (BER)

another name for vomiting

emesis

where is the emetic center located

medulla oblongata

order of small intestines

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

purpose of villi and microvilli

Increase surface area for absorption; microvilli form the brush border with digestive enzymes

what are the functions of hepatocytes (liver cells)

produce bile

detoxify blood

store nutrients

make plasma proteins

where is bile produced

liver

purpose of bile

emulsify fats

pigment from RBC breakdown; gives bile its color

bilirubin

inflammation of the liver

hepatitis

causes of hep. A

fecal-oral

causes of hep. B

blood, sexual contact

auses of hep. C

bloodborne

causes of hep. D

requires HBV

causes of hep. E

fecal-oral (rare in US)

high pressure in portal vein (often due to cirrhosis)

portal hypertension

chronic liver scarring → impaired function

cirrhosis

Crystallized cholesterol or bilirubin in gallbladder; caused by bile imbalance or stasis

gallstones

pancreas hormones (2)

insulin and glucose

function of exocrine in pancreas

digestive enzyme and bicarbonate

function of endocrine in hormones

blood glucose regulation

attached to cecum

appendix

 inflammation due to blockage

appendicitis

infection of peritoneum (can follow rupture)

peritonitis

three bands of smooth muscle in large intestine

teniae coli

pouches formed by teniae coli contraction

haustra

normal bacteria in colon

haustra