OA3 - Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen (copy)

Halogenoalkane to amine

Add ammonia to the halogenoalkane in a sealed tube and heat.

Nitrile to amine (route 1)

Add hydrogen gas in the presence of a nickel catalyst.

Nitrile to amine (route 2)

Add lithium aluminium hydride in dry ether

Basicity of amines increases with

the number of alkyl substituents

Amine to amide

Add amine to an acid chloride, hydrogen chloride is the by-product

Aliphatic amine + (cold) nitrous acid >

alcohol + nitrogen + water

Formation of nitrous acid

Sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) + hydrochloric acid —> HNO₂ + NaCl

Aromatic amine + cold nitrous acid —>

aromatic diazonium salt

diazonium ion + phenol

gives an azo compound

General formula of alpha amino acid

H₂N - CHR - COOH

Zwitterion

a compound that has equal numbers of positive and negative functional groups

Protein primary structure is

the specific order of amino acids

Protein secondary structure

is whether the orientation of the amino acid side chains is organized into alpha helices or beta (pleated) sheets.

Protein tertiary structure

refers to how the overall protein folds into a three dimensional structure

Enzymes (amylase, lipases, proteases) in laundry

used to starches, fats or proteins from clothes

Enzymes (amylases, proteases) in brewing

used to breakdown polysaccharides and proteins into smaller molecules improving the clarity and flavour

Enzymes (Rennin) in dairy

used to hydrolyse protein in cheese making