APUSH Unit 7.1-7.6

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

German unrestricted submarine warfare

German policy of sinking any ship, including those of neutral countries; reason for U.S. entry into WWI.

Woodrow Wilson

president from 1913-1921 Democrat progressive. Won the election because the republican party was split into Roosevelt (progressive) and Taft (republican). Known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize.

• racist- used segregation in government offices

Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

a note sent by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador to Mexico proposing a Mexican-German alliance against the United States if the US entered WWI. Was the final spark that led the US to entering the war.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

United States troops in World War I; including draftees, volunteers, and the National Guard. Did not make an impact until 1918.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WW1, 1919. Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.

14 points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars. Freedom of the seas, open diplomacy, League of Nations, right to self determination

Progressivism

• against laissez-faire capitalism

• reasoned that a non-intervention government was not good for a industrial economy

• curb corporate monopolies

• passed 17th amendment

-seeks to advance the human condition through social reform based on purported advancements in science, technology, economic development, and social organization.

• put voting into the hands of the people. Introduced the secret ballot to take away power of political machines

• direct election of senators

Pragmatism

philosophy that says that truth can only be discovered through experience, very skeptical. Greatly influences progressive thinkers

Muckrakers

investigative journalists and authors who wrote about social ills, from child labor to the corrupt business practices of big businesses, and urged the public to take action

hull house

a settlement house that served as a center for social reform and provided educational and social opportunities for working class poor and immigrant women and children

Segregation

purposeful separation of people into ethnic or racial groups. Was enforced through Jim crow laws and prompted the formation of black associations

National Association of Colored Women (NACW)

became the largest federation of black local women's clubs. Designed to relive suffering among poor black people, defend black women, and promote the interests of all black people. Had 50,000 members

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld restrictions on the working hours of women to ten hours as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

• women saw it as a step forward

feminist

A supporter of women's claims to the same rights and treatment as men

National American Woman Suffrage Association

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, contributed to the passage of the 19th amendment

suffragists

people who worked for women's right to vote

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Founded by WEB Du Bois and others in 1909 to fight for racial equality. Focused on fighting it through the courts.

• striked down the grandfather clause (1915)

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Founded in 1874, A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol. Built around the need to protect the home, wives, and children

Eighteenth Amendment (1919)

Established prohibition. Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

Mann Act

(1910), made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes." Criticized for its vague language and for being used to punish consensual sexual behavior, was used to enforce racial segregation and standards of moral behavior that enforced traditional women gender roles

eugenics

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

• employed hundreds of women

• had 0 fire safety protocols

• many died: jumped out of 8th story window and died

conservationism

the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources

• large companies saw it was a way to drive out the smaller companies as they smaller ones couldn't afford the additional costs associated with managing a healthy environment

Hetch Hetchy Valley

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located.

Rough Riders

Nickname for Theodore Roosevelts regiment of the 1st US volunteer cavalry, which fought in Cuba in the Spanish American War.

Bully Pulpit

Term used by Theodore Roosevelt to describe the office of the presidency. Roosevelt believed that the president should use his office as a platform to promote his programs and rally public opinion.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Elkins Act (1903)

Imposed fines on railroads that gave special rates to favored shippers. Designed to protect smaller businesses and shippers.

The Jungle (1906)

A book written by Upton Sinclair that exposed the horrendous and downright gross conditions of the food-packaging industry of the time

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle heightened public awareness of the appalling and unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry. Public pressure forced a reluctant Congress to consider a Meat Inspection bill in 1906 which laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing State lines. Changed the face of health care and food safety legislation in America from that point on.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Progressive Party

• worked on issues of growing power of big businesses, increasing violence, political machines, Jim Crow laws, womens rights, alcohol.

• very diverse base that did not always agree

• all agreed that society on some level was deteriorating and believed society could only improve with government intervention

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice. Advocated for a income tax, 8 hr workday, abolition of child labor, womens suffrage, workers' compensation,

New Freedom

Term used by Woodrow Wilson to describe his limited-government, progressive agenda. Wilson's New Freedom was offered as an alternative to Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism. Did not embrace social reform.

Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

Authorized Congress to impose and collect federal income taxes.

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; it banned certain corporate corporations, such as price discrimination and overlapping membership on company boards, and by protecting labor unions. Designed to encourage economic competition

Adamson Act of 1916

Wilson pushed passage of this act that mandated an eight hour workday and time and a half for overtime. Although directed at a single industry, railroads, the law was a significant victory for workers and a clear statement of the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.

Keating-Owen Act (1916)

Under woodrow wilson, prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor

Workmen's Compensation Act 1916

This act granted assistance to federal civil service employees during periods of injury that occurred on the job.

Jingoists

Superpatriotic supporters of the expansion and use of military power. Jingoists such as Theodore Roosevelt longed for a war in which they could demonstrate America's strength and prove their own masculinity.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Yellow Journalism

Journalists who published sensationalist stories. Exaggerated atrocities committed by the Spanish against the Cubans.

Teller Amendment (1898)

Amendment to the American declaration of war against Spain that the United States would not annex Cuba. Was largely ignored after America's victory.

Platt Amendment (1901)

Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and said that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.

Anti-Imperialist League

An organization founded in 1898 to oppose the annexation of the Philippines. Feared that annexation would bring competition from cheap labor, or considered Filipinos racialy inferior

"big stick" diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America and preserve order.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Dollar Diplomacy

Term used by President Howard Taft to describe the economic focus of his foreign policy. He hoped to use economic policies and the control of foreign assets by American companies to influence Latin American nations. Said he would rather substitute "dollars for bullets," even though he did send in troops.

Mexican Revoultion

The instability in Mexico threatened US interests of oil in Mexico. Resulted in deteriorated relationships between the US and Mexico as Wilson attempted to secure US interests.

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Allies

Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy and the US

World War 1

sometimes called the Great War, which was fought between 1914 and 1918

Selective Service Act of 1917

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft.

Russian Revolution of 1917

Russia established a Bolshevik (communist) regime that negotiated a peace with the Central powers. Influenced US to join the war

War Industries Board (WIB)

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI. Supervised the purchase of military supplied

War Labor Board (WLB)

tried to prevent strikes that might endanger the war effort. Supported an 8 hour workday and 1.5x pay overtime.

Fuel Administration

government agency created during the war to regulate the use of coal for the war effort

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

Espionage Act 1917

Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WW1. Punished speech critical of the war or actions of sabatoge.

Sedition Act 1918

Added to the Espionage act to punish for expressing opinions deemed hostile to the US government, flag, or military.

American Protective League (APL)

An organization of private citizens that cooperated with the Justice Department and the Bureau of Investigation during WWI to spy on German residents suspected of disloyal behavior.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Red Scare

The fear of Communist inspired radicalism in the wake of the Russian revolution. The Red Scare culminated in the Palmer raids on suspected radicals.

Scheneck v. US

(1919) Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the country

Abrams v. US

1919 Supreme Court ruling limiting free speech by sustaining a guilt verdict of 5 anarchists who distributed leaflets denouncing US military efforts to overthrow the Bolshevik regime

Palmer Raids, 1919-1920

General A. Mitchell Palmer and J.E. Hoover orchestrated a series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country and arrested more than 6,000 people. These raids did not uncover any extensive plot to overthrow US government.

Bureau of Investigation

Later FBI, set up in 1924 under J Hoover to spy and collect information

Influenza Pandemic

1918 global outbreak of influenza, a highly contagious viral infection, killing as many as 30 million people worldwide.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs and an escape of poverty

Teapot Dome Scandal

corruption by a Harding cabinet member, who took bribes to allow oil drilling on public lands. Exposed tied between the federal government and big businesses

American Plan

Term that some U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions. Demonstrated laissez-faire economics.

New Woman

a woman of the turn of the 20th century often from the middle class who dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself. She defied traditional morality.

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

An association that promoted black pride and black unity. It also encouraged African Americans to move permanently to Africa.

The Fundamentals

Series of booklets put out saying that fundamentalists will not bow down to modernistic views

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

National Origins Act of 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

gives Native Americans citizenship and the right to vote in federal elections

KKK in the 1920s

nativism of the 1920s caused the largest Klan membership ever (~ 6,000,000); anti-immigration, anti-African American, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti-women, and anti-union ideas, anti-birth control