BIO111 Exam 2 Study Guide

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cell structure, membranes, energy, and metabolism as outlined in the BIO111 Exam 2 study guide.

Prokaryotic cell

A type of cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic cell

A type of cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Cell theory

A fundamental concept in biology stating that all living things are composed of cells, and that cells are the basic units of life.

Endosymbiosis theory

The theory that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once free-living prokaryotes.

Endomembrane System

A group of membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

Passive transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane without the use of energy.

Active transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane using energy, typically against a concentration gradient.

Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Hypertonic solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Isotonic solution

A solution with an equal concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Exergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy.

Endergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy.

Redox reactions

Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between two species.

Activation energy

The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy carrier in cells.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

Anabolic reactions

Metabolic pathways that build molecules and require energy.

Catabolic reactions

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules and release energy.