CHAPTER 4: Empire to Independence

King George III

is king during and after the French and Indian War

Proclamation Line of 1763

colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, many colonists ignored this like Daniel Boone.

British Politics

poor statesmanship, numerous advisors to king, aristocratic elite family and friends got jobs, inconsistent, stubborn, and unstable.

George Grenville

1st Prime Minister, Brilliant moneymaker, rude.

a. kept large army in America

b. colonists share costs

c. smuggling = vice admiralty (guilty until proven innocent)

Sugar Act of 1764

tax of sugar halved, but Britain had monopoly. Put in place by George Grenville.

Currency Act of 1764

forbid colonists from printing their own money, put in place by George Grenville.

Quartering Act 1765

colonists required to provide food and housing for British soldiers.

Stamp Act 1765

tax on official documents, newspaper, and publications.

Virtual Representation

British response to “no taxation w/out representation”

Non importation agreements (boycotts)

most effective protests, against British merchants, homespun movement.

Skull and Cross

symbol of protest for Stamp Act of 1765

Marquis of Rockingham

2nd Prime Minister, sympathetic, parliament reconsiders/repeals stamp act, passes declaratory act.

Declaratory Act

act that says Parliament can make laws about America/colonists in all cases whatsoever.

Charles Townshend

3rd Prime Minister, 4 Townshend Acts.

-Revenue Act, Board of Customs

John Dickinson

“Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer” 12 total, lawyer.

Boston Massacre

Colonists protest in front of British soldiers, shots are fired, 5 colonists are killed.

Crispus Attucks

first martyr, died in Boston Massacre, iconic, Mulato, Brits on trial for killing him

British Soldiers

who did John Adams defend in the Boston Massacre?

Revenue Acts

taxes on glass, lead, paper, paint, tea, ultimately repealed by parliament to save face.

Board of Customs

Commissioners that stopped smuggling, ultimately repealed by Parliament.

Lord North

Prime Minister 4, Tea act of 1773

Tea Act of 1773

forced colonists to buy excess tea that the B.E.I.C. had a monopoly over.

Boston Tea Party

December 1773, S. Adams & J. Hancock present, dressed as Mohawk Indians, dumbed 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.

submit or triumph

“The dye is now cast, the colonies must either _____ __ _____” King George III

Coercive Acts

Boston Port bill (closed Boston port), no more town meetings, mass. officials appointed (no elected officials)

Day of Prayer

June 1st 1774, no one went to work to protest Coercive acts, Virginia governor dissolves assembly because of this

First Continental Congress

Philadelphia, 55 delegates, declare loyalty to king but form militia, Grievances to George III, agree to meet next year in May

British response to first continental congress

declare massachusetts in rebellion, restrict international trade, no fishing in Grand Banks.

Minute-men

mobilizing militias

Governor Gage

sent to Massachusetts to put down rebellion, mobilizes troops to arrest Adams and Hancock in Lexington, and to capture weapon depo in Concord.

Battle of Lexington

Paul Revere warns of British, 700 British/70 minutemen. Shots fired: 8 dead, 10 wounded.

Gauntlet of Death death death

250 British soldiers killed or wounded on way back from Concord, minutemen pick them off hiding in the trees, new respect for rebels.

Second Continental Congress

65 delegates, created official army led by George Washington, Olive branch petition (John Dickinson), Congress adopts Massachusetts Militia, printed $2 million dollars (pay back based on colony population

Battle of Bunker Hill

Tailgate atmosphere for civilians, British generals William Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, John Burgoyne, 2,200 Brits. deployed, half killed/wounded

Bunker Hill Significance

Brits more cautious, congress encourages local militia enlistment, Patriots vs Tories. King declares colonies in open rebellion.

Union is perfect

“Our cause is just, our _____________” John Dickinson

Hessians

mercenaries hired to fight for the British

Thomas Paine

wrote “Common Sense”, pep talk for those supporting rebellion.

tis time to part

“Blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, “________” Common Sense, Thomas Paine.

Declaration of Independence

July 4th 1776, declares independence from Britain, mostly created by Jefferson, restates John Locke’s control theory of government, read everywhere.