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What did Lyndon B. Johnson do as president?
He passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), started a war on poverty, tried ending discrimination.
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Passed by President Johnson, it banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public, strengthening the federal government's power to end segregation in schools and other public places.
What was the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)?
Passed by President Johnson, it tried to eliminate discrimination in hiring (race, national origin, gender).
What was the “Great Society”?
Passed by President Johnson, it was a set of New Deal-ish economic and welfare measures that tried to reduce poverty and racial discrimination.
Who did the Republicans choose for the Election of 1964 and what did he want to do?
Barry Goldwater who attacked the federal income tax, the Social Security System, the Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the Great Society.
What was the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?
In August 1946, two U.S. ships were fired upon in Southeast Asia, so Johnson convinced Congress to pass this, letting the president use unrestricted force (at his discretion) in Southeast Asia.
What two new cabinet offices were created in support for the Great Plan?
The Department of Transportation and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
What was The National Endowments for the Arts and the Humanities?
It was designed to raise the level of American cultural life.
What were LBJ’s four big legislative achievements?
Aid to education, medical care for the elderly and poor, immigration reform, and a new voting rights bill.
What was The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965?
It abolished the quota system of immigration that had been in place since 1921. It also doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country annually. The sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.
What was the 24th Amendment?
Passed in 1964, abolished the poll tax in federal elections.
What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
It prohibited minorities from being disenfranchised (through poll taxes, literacy tests, etc).
What was the Watts Explosion?
Days after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed, a bloody riot erupted. This marked increasing militant confrontation in the black struggle.
What was the Black Panther?
It was racially-motivated violence that spread in Oakland, California where people openly carried weapons in the streets.
What was Black Power?
Preached by Stokely Carmichael, it emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural parties.
When was Martin Luther King Shot?
April 4, 1968
What was Operation Rolling Thunder?
It involved regular bombing attacks against North Vietnam. LBJ believed that an orderly escalation of American force in Vietnam would defeat the enemy.
What were the effects of the conflicts happening in Vietnam?
It became very Americanized. Pro-war hawks argued that if the US left Vietnam, other nations would doubt America's word and become communistic.
What was the Six-Day War?
In June 1967, Israel launched an attack on Egypt's airforce. Eventually, Israel gained the territories of the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank.
Why did Antiwar Demonstrations increase?
It was because more and more American soldiers died in the Vietnam War and because Senators (like William Fulbright) held televised hearings in which they told the public that the US’s winnability of the war was low.
What did LBJ do regarding antiwar activists?
In 1967, he ordered the CIA to spy on them. He also encouraged the FBI to use its counterintelligence program, code-named "Cointelpro," to investigate members of the peace movement.
How did the Tet Offensive begin?
When the Viet Cong (VC) attacked 27 key South Vietnamese cities, including Saigon in 1968.
What was the Tet Offensive?
It defeated the Viet Cong, but caused the US public to demand an immediate end to the war. Additionally, President Johnson began to doubt the continuation of sending troops to Vietnam.
What did the Election of 1968 mainly revolve around? Which party supported what?
It mainly revolved around war in Vietnam.
Democrats supported the increased force in Vietnam while Republicans wanted to declare victory in Vietnam and increase anticrime policies. Both parties supported the War
What was the American Independent Party?
Headed by George C. Wallace, it called for the of segregation of blacks.
Why was LBJ’s Great Society program not a 100% success?
Because the Vietnam war sucked away tax dollars.
What was the Free Speech Movement?
It happened at the University of California when a negative attitude toward people took place. It was one of the first organized protests against established authority and the leader was Mario Savio.
What was the Sexual Revolution?
This happened in the 1960s and introduced the birth control pill made unwanted pregnancies easy to avoid. Additionally, gay men and lesbians were increasingly emerging and demanding sexual tolerance.
What was the Stonewall Rebellion?
It was a series of riots that emerged when off-duty police officers attacked gay men.
What slowed the Sexual Revolution?
Worries in the 1980s of AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases.
What were the Weathermen?
By the end of the 1960s, students for a Democratic Society (SDS) had created this underground terrorist group (called Weathermen).
What were three things that defined the 1960s?
The youthful population bulge, protest against racism and the Vietnam War, and the permanence of prosperity. (Three p’s).
What happened in the Yom Kippur War?
In 1973, Syria and Egypt tried to regain the territory that they had lost to Israel during the Six-Day War. American support helped Israel win the war, but it caused the Arab nations (OPEC) to impose an oil embargo on the United States.
What were some effects of the Yom Kippur War?
Since the OPEC countries imposed oil taxes, a speed limit of 55 MPH was created. Additionally, an oil pipeline in Alaska was approved in 1974 and other forms of energy were researched.
What were some effects of the secret bombing in Cambodia?
The US public began to distrust the military.
Who took over Cambodia after President Nixon stopped the bombings in 1973?
A cruel dictator named Pol Pot, who later committed genocide of over 2 million people over a span of a few years.
What was the War Powers Act?
It required the president to tell Congress within 48 hours about all commitments of U.S. troops to foreign conflicts.
With Presidents questioning whether or not to engage in conflicts (Vietnam War), what did this spark in the US?
A feeling of "New Isolationism," which discouraged U.S. troops from being used in other countries' wars.
What did Nixon do in 1972 regarding the Vietnam war?
After the North Vietnamese burst through the demilitarized zone, Nixon ordered massive bombing attacks on North Vietnamese, halting them.
Who won the Election of 1972?
Richard Nixon, in a landslide victory.
What did Nixon do to force the North Vietnamese to a peace table?
He ordered a two-week bombing campaign and eventually in 1973, the North Vietnamese agreed to a cease-fire agreement which was really just a disguised American retreat.
How did Nixon expand the Great Society programs?
It was by increasing funding for Medicare, Medicaid, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). He also created the Supplemental Security Income (SSI), which gave benefits to the poor aged, blind, and disabled.
What was Nixon's Philadelphia Plan?
Created in 1969, this required construction-trade unions to establish quotas for hiring blacks. This plan changed the definition of "affirmative action" to include preferable treatment on groups, not individuals.
What was Griggs v. Duke Power Company?
In 1971, the Supreme Court upheld Nixon’s Philadelphia Plan.
What were some agencies created by Nixon that gave more control over businesses?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OHSA), and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).
What was Silent Spring?
It was a book in 1962 by Rachel Carson that exposed the harmful effects of pesticides.
What were some acts Nixon created to protect the environment?
The Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
What did Nixon do regarding inflation?
Since he was worried about inflation, he imposed a 90-day wage freeze and then took the nation off the gold standard (devaluing the dollar).
What was Nixon’s southern strategy to win southern votes?
It involved opposing civil rights for African-Americans.
What was Vietnamization?
Created by Nixon, it sought to withdraw 540,000 U.S. troops from South Vietnam. With this, he hoped the Southern Vietnamese, with American money, weapons, training, and advice, would then gradually take over the war.
Nixon did not want to end the war; he wanted to win it by other means.
What was the Nixon Doctorine?
It stated the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but in the future, Asians and other countries would have to fight their own wars without the support of American soldiers.
What did Nixon do in Cambodia in 1970?
He thought of a plan to attack Vietnam from Cambodia. He had to remove troops from here though after protests at Kent State University erupted and 4 people died.
What was the 26th Amendment?
It lowered the voting age to 18
What were the Pentagon Papers?
It was a leaked, top-secret Pentagon study that documented the deceptions of the previous presidential administrations, in regards to the Vietnam War.
What was Detente?
Hoping to use China and the Soviet Union to force the North Vietnam to surrender, Nixon visited China and the Soviets to pass this, which would improve relations with both countries. It also slowed the race between America and the Soviets by making an anti-ballistic missile (AMB) treaty and SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), which froze the number of long-range nuclear missiles for 5 years. 1960s-1970s
Who was Earl Warren?
He was appointed as a Justice to the Supreme Court in 1953 and made many controversial rulings.
What happened in Griswold v. Connecticut?
In 1965, it made the use of contriceptives’ legal.
What happened in Gideon v. Wainwright?
In 1963, it was ruled that all criminals were entitled to legal counsel, even if they were unable to afford it.
What was the Miranda Warning?
It stated that everyone had the right to remain silent.
What happened in Engel v. Vitale (1962) and School District of Abington Township vs. Schempp (1963)?
It was ruled that public schools could not force prayers or Bible reading.
What happened in Reynolds vs. Sims?
In 1964, it was ruled that the state legislatures would be required to be reassigned according to population.
What was the Watergate Scandal?
When five men working for the Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President were caught breaking into the Watergate Hotel and bugging Democrats' rooms in 1972. One way the Nixon Administration was corrupt and had dirty tricks.
What was the Saturday Night Massacre?
When Nixon fired the prosecutor of the Watergate Scandal Archibald Cox who issued a subpoena of the tapes (Nixon would not give t hem over). Additionally, the attorney general and deputy attorney general resigned.
What was the “Smoking Gun” tape?
It proved that Nixon had played an active part of the attempted cover-up of the Watergate Scandal. This led him to resign.
Why was the economy slowing down in the 1970s?
It was because of deteriorating machinery and new regulations. Additionally, the Vietnam War and the Great Society program also contributed to inflation.
Who was the first unelected president?
Gerald Ford
Why did President Ford’s popularity decline?
It was because he pardoned former President Nixon.
What were the Helsinki accords?
Signed by President Ford, it recognized Soviet boundaries and helped to ease tensions between the two nations.
What were the effects of the Vietnam War in the US’s perspective?
The estimated cost was $188 billion. 56,000 were dead and 300,000 wounded. The US had lost its own self-esteem, confidence in its military power, and much of the economic strength that it had after WWII.
What was the Title IX of the Education Amendments?
Passed in 1972 by Congress, it prohibited sex discrimination in any federally assisted educational program.
What happened in Roe v. Wade?
In 1973, the Supreme Court invalidated laws banning abortion.
What happened in Milliken v. Bradley?
In 1974, the Supreme Court rule that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school-district lines. (This reinforced "white flight" [white people moving out of urban areas])
What happened in University of California v. Bakke?
In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled that universities could not favor applicants based on the quality of race.
What were Peace Accords?
It was when both Egypt and Israel signed documents respecting each other and making Israel withdraw its troops from the land they took from Egypt. President Jimmy Carter helped to make this happen.
What did President Carter plan to do regarding the Panama Canal?
He pledged to return it to Panama by 2000.
How did another Oil Crisis happen?
It happened when Iran stopped exporting oil and when OPEC raised oil prices.
What was the malaise speech?
When President Carter criticized the American people for their obsession of material goods in 1979.
What type of people grew from the economic downturn?
Neoconservatives grew. These were people who fought for free-market capitalism and a return to traditional family roles.
What did the United States do when the Soviet Union invaded Afganistan?
Since Afghanistan bordered Iran, America worried regarding oil supplies. This led President Carter to place an embargo on the Soviet Union and boycott the Olympic Games in Moscow. He also created a "Rapid Deployment Force" that could quickly respond to crises anywhere in the world.
What was the Iranian Hostage Crisis?
It happened in 1979 when a group of anti-American Muslim militants stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took hostages. They demanded the U.S. return the exiled dictator of Iran from the US. Carter tried to release the hostages, but to no avail.
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