Chemistry Unit 2: Atomic Structures and PT Basics + Nomenclature

law of conservation of mass

matter is neither created no destroyed in chemical reactions

law of definite proportions

the same compound contains the same ratio of elements by mass

law of multiple proportions

elements combine in whole # ratios

protons

atomic #

neutrons

atomic mass - atomic #

electrons

same as protons (if the atom is neutral)

isotope

different # of neutrons; results in different mass

ion

different # of electrons

cation

positively charged; lost electrons

anion

negatively charged; gained electrons

metals

left side of PT; malleable, conductive, form cations

nonmetals

right side of PT; brittle, nonconductive, form anions

metalloids

stair step line; semi-conductive, mix of metal + nonmetal properties

groups

vertical columns

periods

horizontal rows

covalent

sharing of electrons between nonmetals (nonmetal + nonmetal)

ionic

transfer of electrons to make cations and anions (metals + nonmetals)

di

two

tri

three

tetra

four

penta

five

hexa

six

hepta

seven

octa

eight

nona

nine

deca

ten

covalent naming

prefix for element 1 + element 1 name, prefix for element 2 + element 2 ending in -ide

ionic naming

find charge of both ions, swap, bring down as subscripts and reduce if needed

ionic naming (transition metals)

find charge of element based on what it is bonded with, roman numerals are used to represent the charge

polyatomic ion names

don’t change

hydrate

substance with water in its structure

naming acids (no oxygen)

hydro-anion-ic acid

naming acids (with oxygen/polyatomic)

-ate = -ic, -ite = -ous