Small Animal Disease Quiz 1

____ is understood as a defense against or resistance to contagious disease.

immunity

Immunity can be divided into 2 large categories…

• Nonspecific (innate)

• Specific (acquired)

____ - this system responds to all antigenic insults in the same way

nonspecific (innate)

____ - elements that make up this category are: species resistance, mechanical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory process, interferon, and complement

nonspecific (innate)

____ - this is known as the “3rd line of defense” it is condicted by 2 types of WBC called lymphocytes.

specific immunity (acquired)

___ lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to specific antigen stimulation

B-cell

___ lymphocytes interact more directly with pathogens by combining directly to the foreign cell and either distroying it or rendering it incapable of causing disease

T-cell

____ - this refers to the genetic ability of a particular species to provide defense against certain pathogens

species resistance

What is known as the first line of defense of the body?

the skin

___ is known as the 2nd line of defense in the body

the inflammatory response

What are some characteristic signs of inflammation?

• heat

• redness

• swelling

• pain

What are the goals of inflammation?

Kill, Clean, and Repair

____ - this is a substance that interefers with the ability of viruses to cause disease by preventing their replication within the host cell

interferon

____ - binds to the invading cell, makes small holes in the cell membrane, and causes the cell to rupture (lyse)

complement

With ____ immunity, T-cells are produced in the bone marrow, they enter circulation and are carried to the thymus

cell-mediated

This type of immunity is mediated by B-lymphocytes

humoral immunity

Each antibody is specific for how many anitigen?

one

____ - will attach to foreign substances and take it to the T-cell

macrophages

____ - mediates the production of antibodies in response to an antigen

b-cell lymphocytes

____ - is a result of genetic factors that influence the developing animals before birth

inherited immunity

____ - is a resistance that develops after an animal is born

acquired immunity

____ immunity is when antibodies are formed in one animal and transferred to another animal that is not infected. This transfer provides the unifected animal with protection against the pathogen

passive

T or F: Artificial immunity is usually due to deliberate exposure with vaccinations

True

What are some important questions to ask when you suspect an animal is suffering from anemia?

• Is the pet on any medication?

• Have the owners detected any blood loss or dark, tarry stool?

• Have the owners noticed any fleas?

• Has the cat recently been tested for FeLV or FIV?

• Has the owner noticed any ticks on the dog?

• Has the pet been vaccinated recently?

• Has the female received any “shots for mismatching” recently?

When evaluating the plasma you are looking for evidence of what?

hemolysis

____ anemia will always stem from extra-marrow causes such as hemolysis and blood loss.

regnerative anemia

____ anemia can be caused by bone marrow and extramarrow disorders such as chronic inflammatory disease, chronic renal disease, acute hemorrhage or hemolysis

non-regenerative anemia

____ - can be caused by Heinz body anemia, parasites, blood loss, DIC, heartworms, and neoplasia.

regenerative anemia

Which anemia is characterized by a high reticolucyte count?

regenerative

With regenerative anemia, are PCV, RBC, and Hb high or low?

low

If an animal is experiencing this clinical signs, pallor, weakness, exercise intolerance, anorexia, possible heart murmur, tachycardia, and jaundice, what might they be suffering from?

anemia

Which anemia is characterized by a low reticulocyte count?

nonregenerative anemia

What is the most common cause of hemorrhage?

trauma

Dogs that have chronic external blood loss can experience ____ anemia

iron deficiency anemia

Is iron deficiency anemia common or rare in cats?

rare

____ - the primary cause is bone marrow failure secondary to the inadequate production of erythropoetin by the kidney.

anemia of chronic kidney disease

____ - this happens when immune components attach to the RBC membrane. The body will begin to remove these altered cells; macrophages will interact with the altered cells resulting in extravascular hemolysis.

hemolysis

____ - this type of hemolysis occurs when fragments of erythrocytes and the majority of aged erythocytes are phagocytpsed directly by the cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system.

extravascular hemolysis

____ - this type of hemolysis is the disruption of red blood cells occurs while they are withiin blood vessels. Results from the rupture of lysis of red blood cells within the circulation.

intravascular hemolysis

____ - this the most common cause of anemia in cats

Mycoplasma hemofelis

If an animal is experiencing weight loss, anorexia, fever, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly, what might they be suffering from?

Mycoplasma hemofelis

____ - this is resposible for fatal disease is cats. The intracellular from produces an anemia; and the extracellular form produces blood stasis and vascular occlusion.

cytauxzoon felis

This blood-borne parasite produces hemolytic disease in dogs

babesia canis

Babesia canis is transmitted by what?

the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)

What is one of the most common causes of Heinz body aemia in the dog?

onion toxicity

____ toxicity results in methemoglobinemia and anemia in dogs and cats

acetaminophen toxicity

T or F: Cats are more susceptible to Heinz body anemia.

True

T or F: Methylene Blue has been known to cause Heinz body anemia when given to cats

True

____ anemia can be caused by acetaminophen, methylene blue, onions, garlic, zinc toxicity, fish-based diets

Heinz body anemia

What is the most common causse for spontaneous bleeding in the dog?

thrombocytopenia

What are the four reasons for decreased numbers of circulating platelets?

1. Decreased platelet production

2. Increased platelet consumption

3. Increased platelet destruction

4. Increased platelet sequestration

What is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia in cats?

decreased production

What is the most common cuase of thrombocytopenia in dogs?

increased destruction

____ - this is an antibody mediated disease. It results in the premature destruction of RBCs, and it is divided into 2 categories: primary and secondary.

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)

T or F: IMHA is common in cats

False, it is rare

____ - caused by the destruction of RBC becausse of the presence of antibodies that attach to RBC membrane; these cells are then removed by the immune system causing the anemia

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)

Who does IMHA affect?

dogs 2-8 years old

Which gender is most commonly affected by IMHA?

females

How do we diagnose IMHA?

Coomb’s test

What is the most common sign of ehrlichiosis?

thrombocytopenia

How is ehrlichiosis spread?

blood transfusions

____ - used to detect antibodies or complement proteins that are bound to the surface of red blood cells

coomb’s test

Why would we choose to not treat a seropositive healthy dog?

• It is unknown if treatment halts the progression to the chronic phase

• Not all seropositive dogs are infected

• Not all seropositive dogs progress to the chronic phase

• It is unknown if the treatment eliminates the infection

• Even if the infection is eliminated, reinfection can occur

• Treatment of healthy carriers may result in antimicrobial resistance

The presence of bleeding in a patient with a normal platelet count is highly suggestive of this platelet dysfunction.

von Willebrand’s Disease

Which type of von Willebrand’s Disease causes a low concentration of normal von Willebrand’s factor?

type 1

Which type of von Willebrand’s Disease causes a low concentraction of abnormal von willebrand’s factor?

type 2

Which type of von Willebrand’s Disease causes an absence of von Willebrand’s factor

type 3

Which breed seems to be the most commonly affected by von Willebrand’s Disease?

Dobermans

If an animal is experiencing easy bruising, prolonged bleeding during estrus, or prolonged bleeding from venipuncture, what might they be suffering from?

von Willebrand’s Disease

How do we diagnose von Willebrand’s Disease?

BMBT

The most common bleeding time measurement in small animals is the ____

buccal mucousal bleeding time (BMBT)

Type I BMBT = ___ minutes

5-10

Type II and III BMBT = ___ minutes

>12

What is the normal BMBT time for dogs?

< 4 minutes

What is the normal BMBT time for cats?

< 3.3 minutes

What are the three forms of feline lymphoma? What is the FeLV status for each?

• Mediastinal lymphoma; most cats are FeLV positive

• Alimentary lymphoma; most cats are FeLV negative

• Multicentric lymphoma; most cats are FeLV positive

If a dog is experiencing enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, lethargy, weight loss, vomiting and diarrhea, what might they be suffering from?

canine lymphoma

T or F: Lymphoma is curable in both dogs and cats.

False, not curable for either species

What is the goal in treating lymphoma?

to prolong and improve the quality of life

____ is caused by lentivirus that interacts with the lymphocytes changing their ability to function normally.

feline immundeficiency virus

Who is affected by feline immunodeficiency virus?

outdoor, free-raoming cats; intact males are more likely to be infected; average age is 6-8 years

Which stage of the feline immunodeficiency virus is most dangerous?

Subclinical stage because no signs are seen, but the disease is still progressing

What must we do once we vaccinate a cat for feline immunodeficiency virus? Why must we do this?

We must microchip the cat. This is because the vaccination may result in a positive test in the future.

Kittens less than 6 months old may test positive for feline immunodeficiency virus due to what?

passive transfer of antibodies from an FIV-positive queen

____ - this is a syndrome where excessive intravascular coagulation leads to multiple organ failure and bleeding.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Is DIC more commonly seen in dogs or cats?

dogs

If an animal is experiencing heat stroke, GDV, heart failure, IMHA, infectious diseases, pancreatitis, shock, venom, IMTP, or heartworms, what may they be suffering from?

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Which factor deficiencies will prolong the PTT but not PT?

7, 9, and 11

Which factor deficiency will prolong PT but not PTT?

7

Which factor deficiency will prolong both PT and PTT?

10

____ - is caused by a reduction in the vitamin K1 dependent clotting factors in the circulation after exposure

anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning

What are 2 ways to determine if an anemia is regenerative or nonregenerative?

• reticulocyte count

• evaluate blood smear for polychromasia

T or F: An absolute reticulocyte count greater than 80,000 in the cat and 60,000 in the dog indicates a regenerative response.

Flase

• dogs = 80,000

• cats = 60,000

An 8 week old puppy is brought in for lethargy and not eating well. On physical exam you not that its gums are pale, and on the fecal exam you see a large number of hookworms. Your CBC confirms your suspicion of anemia. Based on your knowledge of anemias, which type is most likely affecting this puppy?

Iron deficiency anemia

T or F: In Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia, platelets are coated with antibodies or complement-antibody complexes. This causes destruction of them. This destruction can occur in the spleen, bone marrow, or liver. 

True

T or F: All seropositive dogs are treated for Ehrlichia.

False

Which type of von Willebrand’s Disease is administration of desmopressin acetate effective?

type I

Mr. Holmes' doberman has just been diagnosed with von Willebrand's disease. What are some things that we need to tell him about caring for a dog with this disease?

• This is an inherited disorder, so affected animals should not be bred

• Any trauma or stress may cause a bleeding episode

• Surgery will require special precautions to control hemorrhage

• When purchasing dogs that are known to be affected always purchase dogs whose parents have been found to be free of disease

T or F: When talking about feline lymphoma, the best method of diagnosis is cytology, and the best way to obtain a sample is either FNA or surgical biopsy. 

True

If a client chooses to vaccinate a cat for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, what are 2 things that need to be done?

• Test the cat to ensure that it is not already positive for the disease

• Microchip the cat after the vaccine