AP World Midterm Terms

Song Dynasty China

The Chinese dynasty (960-1279) that rose to power after the Tang dynasty. During the Song dynasty, an explosion of scholarship gave rise to Neo-Confucianism, and a revolution in agricultural and industrial production made China the richest and most populated country on the planet.

Golden Age of China.

What made it special: commercialization, stable government, peak of arts and literature.

Based on Confucian/Neo-Confucian values

Confucianism

The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.

Established a strong patriarchy in Song China

5 Relationships:

Father-son

Husband-wife

Emperor-subject

Elder-youth

Friend-friend

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Buddhism in China

Spread by the Silk Roads, took form of Mahayana Buddhism. It blended with Confucianism and created Neo-Confucianism.

Theravada vs. Mahayana

Therevada believed Buddha was a teacher, Mahayana believed he was divine

Champa Rice

Rice that came from Vietnam, and allowed multiple harvests in a season.

Since rice is extremely absorbent and requires flooded lands to grow, it could only grow in a small season. But this rice grew extremely fast, and allowed for 2-4 harvests per flood season.

Essential to the golden age of Song China, because it allowed for all people to have decent caloric intake, and therefore allowed for focus to be in expanding technologies and such.

Song Commercialization

Innovations and the amount of wealth it had enabled commercialization. It still depended on peasant and artisanal labor. To commercialize, China depended on a class system with free peasants, slaves, and artisanal labor.

Four main classes: Elites, skilled laborer, unskilled laborer, coerced laborer(slave)

Making goods for export

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. Important for transportation of goods.

Abbasid Caliphate

An Arab dynasty of caliphs (successors to the Prophet) who governed much of the Islamic world from its capital in Baghdad beginning in 750 C.E. After 900 C.E. that empire increasingly fragmented until its overthrow by the Mongols in 1258.

Ethnically Arab

Golden Age of Islam

Conquered by Mongols, which fragmented the empire

Delhi Sultanate

South Asia(India)

Hindi population, but Muslim rule

Ethnically Turkic and Indian.

Created from fragments of Abbasid Caliphate

Lots of military expansion

Battle of Talas River

Arab victory over the Chinese in 751 CE that checked Chinese expansion to the west and enabled the conversion of Central Asia to Islam

Battle of Manzikert

(1071 CE) Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.

Sufis

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

Spiritual based beliefs of Islam

Basically devoting your time to being one, spiritually, with Islam

Similar to the Bhakti Movement, in that it was very spiritually devoted.

House of Wisdom

An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.

Srivijaya Empire

Controlled the Strait of Malacca, so they were very commercialized

Very rich

Buddhist state

Sea based

Khmer Empire

Powerful state in Southeast Asia(Vietnam to Myanmar)

Initially Hindu, but turned Buddhist

Built the Angkor Wat, biggest religious structure in all history

802 CE-1431 CE

Mexica Empire

Very large empire

Capital was Tenochtitlan(Teno-ck-ti-tlan)

Tenochtitlan was built on an island in the middle of lake, nowadays its Mexico City

Consisted of tribute states

Human sacrifice

Conquered by Cortez (Spanish) in 16th century

Decentralized Empire.

Conquered people were either taxed or sacrificed

Great at architecture, built great cities

Economy was somewhat commercialized

Incan Empire

Located at Andean mountain range, along Chile

Expansive empire with a sophisticated road system

Had the Quechua and quipus

Conquered by Spanish under Pizarro in 16th century

Very centralized government

Had bureaucracy

Created Mita System

Quipus

knot based recording and counting system in Inca Empire

Quechua

spoken language of Inca Empire. They had no writing

Cahokia

Mound building civilizations

Ceremonial burial and trade networks around Mississippi

Hierarchical

Includes Mississippian Culture, Adena/Hopewell Culture

Not an empire

Advances architecture

Mississippian tribes were led by a chief called a Great Sun

largest urban center of the Mississippian Culture

Great Zimbabwe

Got rich through sea roads

Did not trade with North Africa

Constructed the second largest structure in Africa

Advanced stone architecture

Advanced iron work due to being early adopters of it.

The Bantu people created this empire after migrating south

Aksum Kingdom

Modern day Ethiopia

Christian civilization

Early converts to Christianity

Existed/exists for a very long time

Built Steeles of Aksum

Grew wealthy through trade, using sea roads and mediterranean sea

Salt was one of their biggest trades

Centralized power

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.

Defeated by Ottoman Turks in 1453

Seizure of Constantinople

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Highly centralized

100 Years War

England vs. France; France won; Joan of Arc unified France and won it for them

Context:

King of France dies without an heir to the throne, England says they will take over France. France is like "nuh uh." War starts. 116 years later, France wins.

Kievan Rus

A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

After Byzantine fell Kievan Rus became the main center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Centralized

Falls under the Golden Horde control in 1240 CE

Chinggis Khan

Mongol leader, a name he acquired after unifying the Mongols. Kinda took over the entire Asian Continent+a bit of Africa+ a bit of Europe

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Mongol Empire that conquered Kievan Rus

Khanate of the Great Khan

Mongol empire that conquered China(aka Yuan Dynasty)

Il-Khanate

Mongol empire that conquered Islamic lands(Abbasid); Persia

Chagatai Khanate

Mongol empire that conqueredCentral Asia; Controlled Silk Road Trade

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Silk Roads

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Traded mostly luxury goods

Kashgar

Gigantic trading city in the Silk Roads

Was first a Caravanserai but due to great wealth, it became a trading city

Built around river

Thriving center for Islam

Cultural Exchange

Samarkand

Very similar to Kashgar;

Was also a caravanserai, but wealth made it a trading city

Central Asia

Cultural Exchange

Caravanserai

Rest areas for travelers

Mainly a place to trade in camels for new ones

Found along the silk roads/sand roads

Very wealthy

No caravanserai on Sea Roads

Safety from plunderers and thieves

Lots of cultural diffusion

Bills of Exchange

A contract to pay someone a certain amount of money in a certain amount of time

Also eliminated danger of traveling with trading goods

Banking Houses

Literally just banks

Loans to merchants

Helped increase economic growth

Led by families

Silk Road Luxury Goods

Porcelain, silk, jade, spices, Bactrian camels, metal word, glass

Mongol Conquests

Conquered Song China, Abbasid caliphate, and Kiev. It resulted in no goal technological and cultural transfers

Led to pax mongolica

Indian Ocean Network

World's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 CE.

Compass

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.

Created by the Chinese

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Created by Greeks

Swahili City-States

City coasts that actively participated in Indian Ocean trade along the East coast of the African continent

Gujarat

City on west coast of modern India

Connected Arabian Peninsula and Swahili city states to Asia

Sultanate of Malacca

a powerful maritime and commercial empire that Shaped the political, social and cultural systems of the Malay Peninsula.

Replaces Srivijaya

Diasporic Merchant Communities

In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities

Cultural diffusion

Communities where merchants introduced their culture to indigenous cultures

Indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures

Examples:

Swahili Coast

Strait of Malacca

Malay communities in Indian Ocean

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Monsoons

seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons

Trans-Saharan Networks

One of the three trade networks of this period

commerce was mostly facilitated by diasporic communities

Main trades were slave, salt, and gold

Huge Islamic influence

In Africa

Camel Saddles

Allows camels to carry riders

Allows camels to carry a great load of cargo across large distances

Mali Empire

West African Empire

Grew rich through a control of lands that people would use to go from Arabian Peninsula to West/South Africa

Mansa Musa

Very rich in salt, which was the main resource sought by merchants

West African Trade Goods

gold, salt, slaves

Spread of Buddhism in Asia

Happened because of increase in trade and cross cultural interactions. Mahayana Buddhism went to all of East asia while Theravada went to sea empires

Spread through sea roads and silk roads

Sinhala Empire(Theravada)

Sukhothai Empire(Theravada)

Srivijaya(Mahayana)

China(Mahayana)

Korea(Mahayana)

Vietnam(Mahayana)

Japan(Mahayana)

Spread of Hinduism in Asia

Happened because of increase in trade and cross cultural interactions and stayed very prominent in south Asia and slowly pushed into sea

Spread through sea roads

Vijayanagara Empire

Rajput Empire

Khmer Empire(they later turned Buddhist)

Spread of Islam in Afro-Eurasia

Happened because of increase in trade and cross cultural interactions and pushed into west and east Africa. It also minimally went to South Africa with the expansion of Islamic territories through conquest

Spread through sand, sea, and silk roads

Delhi Sultanate

Mali

Sultanate of Melaka

Spread of Chinese Technologies

Spread along the Indian Ocean and Silk Road trade network. The two main things were gunpowder and paper

Ibn Battuta

Traveled to learn about the ways Islam was practiced

Most traveled man of the period

Afro-Eurasia travel

From Morocco

Marco Polo

Traveled to make money

Nepo baby; traveled with family and got left behind

"Raised" by emperor of China(Yuan dynasty), biased view

Merchant pov, biased

His writings influenced curiosity of Europe, and influenced trade with west and east Eurasia

From Venice to China and South Asia

Diffusion of Crops

Where crops are now being planted and grown, not sold

Bananas

From SE/South Asia

Spread to Africa

Coconuts

From SE Asia

Spread to Africa

Rice

From SE/South Asia

Spread to China, Africa, Europe

Champa Rice critical to growth of Song China

Citrus

From SE/South Asia

Spread to Mediterranean

Spread to Africa

Important in Europe

Cotton

From South Asia, Andean Regions, and Yucatan Peninsula(Mexico)

Spread to Africa, Asia, Europe

Bubonic Plague

From China

Spread West through trade and Mongols

Killed millions of people

Wiped ⅓ of Europe

Also impacted Arabian Peninsula/North Africa

Brought to West by trade

Caused by fleas on rats, had a greater impact on very populated cities

Pros: made jobs more important as there were less workers, got rid of Serfdoms(for the most part)

Cons: Killed many people

Gunpowder Empires

Empires that used gunpowder weapons to expand and gain power

Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire, Qing Dynasty, Russian Empire

Qing(Manchu) Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture. Were after the Ming Dynasty

Largest Chinese Empire

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Two important leaders: Akbar, Aurangzeb

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

Conquered Constantinople/Byzantine

Safavid Empire

Shia Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries.

Lost war to Ottoman Empire

Russian Empire

A Christian state centered on Moscow that emerged from centuries of Mongol rule in 1480; by 1800, it had expanded into northern Asia and westward into the Baltics and Eastern Europe.

Traded Soft Gold

Songhai Empire

a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591

Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

A century-long conflict from 1534-1639 in which the Sunni Ottomans fought the Shiite Safavids.

Thirty Years War

Protestants vs Catholic Conflict

Protestant won, the Pope lost a lot of power, and states were allowed to choose their own religions

Ottoman Devshirme

in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as janissaries

Not Islamic children because Islam had a key belief of loyalty to their empire.

Janissaries

30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Monumental Architecture

Large structures, such as pyramids, temples, public spaces, and large statues; made to show off power/maintain power

Incan Sun Temple of Cuzco

Mughal Mausolea and Mosques

European Palaces

Tribute Collection

the idea of conquering but leaving their people in charge as long as they paid tribute; Mongols in China didn't conquer every village

examples:

-Mughal Zamindar tax collection (the zamindars were known for the ability to collect taxes from their lands in the name of the Mughal sultans)

-Mexica tribute lists (as neighboring lands were conquered, lists were maintained as to what each tribe owed the Mexica in tribute)

-Ming tax collection in hard currency (instead of collecting duties from its citizens in crops or goods, the Ming began collecting only hard currency (silver) for debt owed to the court in taxes

-Ottoman tax farming (Tax farming is sending a local to collect the taxes for you

The Ottoman Empire would send a Byzantine tax collector to collect the taxes from the Byzantine empire's people, whom the Ottoman conquered.

Tax collectors would also charge extra for profit)

Tax Farming

Sending a local to collect the taxes for you

The Ottoman Empire would send a Byzantine tax collector to collect the taxes from the Byzantine empire's people, whom the Ottoman conquered.

Tax collectors would also charge extra for profit

Zamindars

Landlords who served as tax collectors in Mughal Empire

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Started by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses

Catholic Counter Reformation

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment after death

Council of Trent

Years long meeting called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants.

Sunni Islam

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.

Shia Islam

minority branch of Islam; belief that only a descendant of Muhammad can be caliph.

Sikhism

religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Lateen Sail

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

Caraval, Carrack, Fluyt

The three main ships used by Maritime Empires

Caravel:

Portuguese and Spanish

Used lateen sails

Very fast ships

Fluyts:

Dutch

Cargo(for trade)

Lateen sail

Fast and cheap

Carrack:

Portuguese

For cargo

Well armed

Likely used in trading post empires

Lateen sail

Trading Post Empires

Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sent others to explore for him, made very first explorer school, first person to value exploring

Bartholomew Dias

set out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean, as well as discovering the fastest and safest ways back to Portugal

Cartographer

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Northwest Passage

a waterway through or around North America(Non existant)

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. He died in Philippines before completing the trip

Sir Francis Drake

first Englishman to sail around the world

First guy to survive the full trip around the world as captain

Columbia Exchange

The exchange of knowledge of disease, crops, animals, and humans between Europe and the Americas

Diffusion of Disease

Led to the great dying

syphilis went from new world to old world

Measles, smallpox, malaria went from old world to new world

Unintended

Diffusion of Crops

From new world to old world:

Corn

Potatoes

Quinine

Tobacco

From old world to new world:

Wheat

Sugar

Rice

Diffusion of Livestock

Horses, pigs, and cattle went to the new world from old world