APUSH midterm keyterms

units 1-5.7

astrolabe (1)

A crucial navigation tool used by explorers to determine their latitude w/ the stars. Crucial to sea travel and exploration for Christopher Columbus, brought by Portuguese. This also improved trade efficiency.

Atlantic World (1)

The interconnected networks of trade, culture, and communication between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, especially during the age of exploration and colonization. T

Aztec (1)

Indegenous group located in central america w/ a huge capital city - Tenochitlan. Had own written language and complex systems of irrigation/fertile land.

Capitalism (1)

Took over feudalism as a new system based on private land ownership for open exchange of good between property owners.

Caravel

Trading ships that were made small and swift to navigate quickly, improving trade efficiency. Astrolabe helped navigate routes.

Columbian Exchange

the transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas. - Smallpox, Maize + food trade, Spanish crave for gold and wealth, native + african slave trade. all driven by mercantilism. GOD GOD GLORY drove colonization and exchange in Americas.

Encomienda

System introduced by Columbus that encomienda leading men were granted a portion of land and all living natives there became labor force for owner. Forced new hierarchy and exploited native people and their land.

Spanish Caste system

Spanish imposed new system needed for taxing based on racial ancestry. Spanish born - non spain spanish - african - native americans.

Act of Religious Tolerance (2)

Granted religious freedom in Maryland to ensure protection of Christians, specifically Catholics. However not open to all religions, promoting religious freedom.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars (2)

Multiple wars between the Anglo settlers in Virginia against the members of the Powhatan clan. Started because of British imposing on their land.

Bacon’s Rebellion (2)

Former indentured servants attacked native groups who were British allies and attacked the governor Berkeley. Temporarily tightened British control on the colonies.

Cash crop (2)

Main cash crops were tobacco, rice, indigo, and wheat in the middle colonies earning them the title of the “bread basket". These crops were specifically made for economic purposes and trade rather than personal use.

Dominion of New England (2)

Joining of colonies to make a super colony with a governor appointed by the King of England that replaced any elected officials.

Enlightenment (2)

European intellectual movement that went from more religious thinking to more logical ideas. It applied scientific and philosophical ideology to society and politics. These ideas led to Great Awakening and deviated from authority and into doubts.

First Great Awakening (2)

1730s-40s religious revival that brought new denominations to religions after it was on a decline. It emphasized emotional connection with god/religion which spread fast throughout over traditional authority.

Iroquois Confederacy (2)

A powerful native alliance of six nations in the Northeast unifying their power/military while in control of the fur trade later leading to Beaver Wars against the french yet allied with dutch and english.

Impressment (2)

British practice of forcing colonial men and american sailors into the British royal navy. Colonists viewed this as a violation of their rights and fueled tensions leading to French and Indian war and war of 1812.

Indentured Servitude (2)

A system where British settlers would travel for free to live in America and pay it off by doing labor to receive promised land chunks. However, it declined because life had improved in England so less appeal, and they ran out of land to give out, leading to reliance on African slaves.

Joint stock company (2)

Where investors pooled money to fund voyages from Europe to new world to avoid losing money and then sharing gains.

Mayflower Compact (2)

Draft created by pilgrims on the mayflower ship on route to the new world for self government, first democratic concept and unified colony.

Metacom’s War/King Philip’s War (2)

Conflict between native tribes Wampanog led by Metacom (philip) against the settlers. It resulted in many causalities and destruction leaving depleting the indigenous power in the south.

Middle Passage (2)

A route from Africa to the New world colonies transporting africans to be brought into the atlantic slave trade. Very brutal and harsh route with many deaths on the way.

Mercantilism (2)

Economic system that emphasized a profitable balance of trade. exports over imports. The goal was to acquire as much wealth as possible through gold and silver to fund back to the mother land.

Navigation Acts (2)

Laws stated that imported goods had to be taxed through english ports and only brought in through england and on english ships. This enforced mercantilism and wealth profit for britain leading to resentment from the colonialists.

Pueblo Revolt (2)

A revolt between natives and christian missionaries trying to enforce religion. The pueblo people didnt conform and mixed with anger at the encomienda system they revolted against spanish and drove them out of their land for a while until they came back yet with changed in favor to the pueblo people.

Stono Rebellion (2)

Largest uprising of a group of african slaves trying to reach spanish florida killing and destroying any whites they encountered yet were eventually taken down by british militia and caused a stricter slave code.

Salutary Neglect (3)

Britains loose control of laws and regulations of trade in the american colonies. This allowed for political and economical autonomy to form as a self governing structure.

Seven Years War/French and Indian War (3)

Land dispute in the ohio river valley owned by france and their allied natives that Britain prohibited colonists from settling. Washington later went to attempt to gain land and lost leading to war breaking out over that it which led to greater world wide conflict - seven years war. Britain won the french and indian war gaining french land by ending it with treaty of paris leading to debt and the proclamation line of 1763.

Albany Congress (3)

Britain established this to ally with iroquios confederacy and natives.

Pontiac’s uprising (3)

Native resistance led by pontiac to drive out british from ohio river valley after war and forced british to seek peaceful relations like the proclamation line.

Proclamation of 1763 (3)

Territory line set west of Appalachian mtns after french and indian war forbiding settlers to migrate over which angered them. Led to more british debt.

Sugar Act (3)

1764, tax act on sugar items which promoted imported items like molasses. Angered colonists, placed to fix debt.

Quartering Act (3)

British law requiring colonists to home and feed british soldiers. Sparked resentment leading towards revolution.

Stamp tax (3)

British direct tax on all paper items adding to economic hardship from other taxes. Sparked protests no taxation without representation.

Stamp act congress (3)

Unified colonial meeting to protest the stamp act and drafted “declaration of right and grievances'“ to the king with their complaints.

Nonimportation agreements (3)

colonial boycott agreement to stop buying british imports to weaken their economy. helped path to revolution.

Sons of liberty (3)

Group of colonists led by john hancock and paul revere to rally against taxes and control by organizing events like boston tea party and tarring and feathering soldiers. daughters of liberty hand made goods/clothes to use instead of british imports.

Decleratory and townshed acts (3)

laws passed declaring british power over colonies without their representation and laws allowing taxes on imported goods which both led to resentment and later revolution.

Boston Massacre (3)

Deadly confrontation where british soldiers fired into a rallying group of colonists. Event became a symbol of british tyranny after anger from the townshed acts.

Committees of Correspondence (3)

Communication networks made by colonists before revolution to share news to all colonies about rallies/info.

Boston Tea Party (3)

A protest by colonists dressing up as natives and dumping tea into the water off ships to oppose unfair taxation without representation, escalating tensions.

Intolerable Acts (Coercive acts) (3)

series of laws passed by britain to punis massachusetts for the boston tea party including closing the boston harbor and enforcing laws. instead of crushing colonists it united the colonies leading to first continental congress and the revolution.

First and Second continental congress (3)

first: meeting of all colonies held in 1744 Philadelphia made in response to the intolerable acts which encouraged continued boycotting british goods and argued for colonial rights. second: made as war began, becoming a faux govt and creating the continental army with washington as commander as well as issuing the declaration of independence.

Battle of Bunker hill, battle of lexington/concord, battle of saratoga (3)

bunker hill: british victory yet boosted colonial moral/strength lexington/concord: first armed conflict of revolutionary war, “shot heard around the world”, demonstrated americans were serious about the fight. Saratoga: important victory for colonial army and turning point proving that

Olive Branch petition (3)

second continental congress attempt at peaceful resolution yet king britian rejected it paving the way to the declaration of independence.

Declaration of independence (3)

foundation U.S. doc seperating the 13 colonies from britians rule including enlightenment ideals of natural rights and democracy. written by TJ “life liberty and the pursuit of happiness”

Common Sense (3)

pamphlet written by thomas paine of englightenment ideas including natural rights, republicanism, britains tyranny. it appealed to common people because of its easy language and brought in many colonists to the idea of independence. - angelica schuyler

Valley forge, battle of yorktown (3)

valley forge: winter encapment of continental army under washington where they emerged as stronger. yorktown: american + french forces trapped british in yorktown cutting off their escape leading to surrender and victory to US

Treaty of paris 1783, northwest ordinance (3)

treaty that ended revolutionary war, recognized us independence, and established territory lines. northwest ordinance established future rules for its expansion and guaranteeing civil liberties.

Shay’s rebellion (3)

violent uprising of a farmer against taxes in massachusetts which exposed weakness of articles of confederation and its inability to raise an army to combat it. served as a catalyst for the constitution/more powerful govt.

Federalist papers (3)

85 anonymously essays written by hamilton, madison, jay to defend and persuade voters to ratify the constitution for a stronger govt. guess how many each wrote??

whiskey rebellion (3)

tax protest from americans on new whiskey tax on alcohol and goods. first test of federal authority of new govt, and enforced its power to levy taxes.

Jays treaty, pickneys treaty , xyz affair, alien sedition acts(3)

jays: agreement between us and britiain resolving issues post war about land and troops kicking them out . pickneys: land resolves

Adams-onis treaty (4)

agreement between us and spain to acquire florida and oregon for 5 mill to spain and texas solidifying westward expansion and manifest destiny ideals.

american system (4)

Henry clays economic plant to boost the us through tariffs, national bank, and funding for transportation

battle of new orleans (4)

battle faught in war of 1812 led by jackson. US victory against british, boosting moral and gaining andrew jackson fame

Corrupt bargain (4)

election of 1824 4-way running where no one won majority vote required although jackson won popularity vote. Henry clay came in fourth, however as house speaker he advocated for adams and after his victory appoints clay for secretery. Jackson called it a corrupt bargain and uses it to build support in next election.

Cotton gin (4)

agricultural invention that made cotton seperation efficent made by eli whitney, yet it intensified the need for slave labor and it turned into a cash crop for the economy. earning the south the name “king cotton”

Declaration of sentiments (4)

drafted at the seneca falls convention as a document that launched womens rights movement declaring all men and women are created equal, demanding equal rights.

Embargo act (4)

law banning american ships from trading with any foreign port by TJ. aimed to pressure france and britain to respect US neutrality yet backfired and caused economic hardships for us economy.

hartford convention (4)

secret meeting of new england federalists who opposed war of 1812 who proposed amendments to weaken southern power.

Indian removal act & trail of tears (4)

law passed by jackson for forced relocation of natives to southeastern states opening their land for us western expansion. leading to trial of tears- harsh trail of expulsion of natives where many tribes suffered.

Marbury v madison (4)

ended with judical review in act meaning judicial branch can check the constitutionality of other branches decisions

Lewis and Clarke expedition (4)

hired to explore newly purchased land (louisiana purchase) they made new accurate maps and relations with natives although jackson still view them as inferior.

Louisiana purchase (4)

purchase from france for 15 mil since napolean didnt want it. doubled us size gave control of mississippi river. jefferson first freaked out when monroe bought it yet later realized it a good thing.

Market Revolution (4)

transformation in america shifting from self sufficient local economies to interconnected system driven by new transportation technologies (canals, railroads), mass production/factories, and industrialization. effects: women sought employment & cult of domesticity (2 spheres), bigger populations, immigration grew

Missouri compromise (4)

1820- admitted missouri as a slave state and maine as a free state to maintain balance in congress and prohibiting slavery in the rest of the louisiana purchase past 36’30 line. (later repealed by kansas-nebraska act)

Monroe Doctrine (4)

monroe’s foreign policy stating that americas were off limits to european colonization and US would stay out of europeans affairs

Nat Turner rebellion (4)

huge slave rebellion leading group of followers through plantations killing many whites. led to stricter slave codes

Nullification crisis (4)

confrontation between SC and us gov stated states could nullify fed laws threatening secession led by John C Calhoun because of tariffs and taxes.

panic 1819 & 1839(4)

economic crash after war of 1812, 2nd national bank tightened to control inflation yet backfired closing banks and having unemployment. 1839- another economic crash idk

Second national bank (4)

national bank made to stabilize funds after war of 1812 yet vetoed since jackson thought it was unconstitutinal.

spoil system (4)

Jacksons political practice of appointing his followers based on loyalty rather than merit. he called it rotations of office yet replaced qualified people w unqualified supporters.

Temperance (4)

reform movement targeting reduction of alcohol usage to benefit workplaces and lessen crime.

War of 1812 (4)

war between us and britain sparked by british restrictin on us trade and impressment of american sailors. ended with treaty of ghent which restored pre war conditions yet fostered nationalism.

John C Calhoun (4)

VP to adams and jackson who defended slavery as positive good, states rights, and nullification in the nullification crisis.

Oregon Trail (5)

Many migrants followed trails to go west seeking economic prosperity some taking the oregon trail from missouri to oregon travelling in groups. however it led to many deaths as families didnt know how to resolve troubles faced on the way.

California gold rush (5)

massive migration sparked by gold found in california boosting westward expansion creating cities and economies yet devastating natives.

Mexican-American war & treaty of guadalupe (5)

conflict sparked by us expansion/manifest destiny and annexation of texas after polk (president) poked at mexico initiating war. resulted in mexico ceding many territories under treaty of guadalupe. - cali, new mexico, utah, arizona for 15 mil

Wilmot proviso (5)

wilmot proposed this to outlaw slavery in all new mexican territories. passed in house, lost in senate due to south majority. it also gave voice to smaller free soilers

Fugitive slave act & underground railroad (5)

required slaves to be returned to owners even in free states. law passed as part of compromise of 1850. angered northerners and started underground railroad to free slaves with safe houses - harriet tubman was the goat.

Compromise of 1850 (5)

package of bills to settle down problem of slavery vs free. included admitting cali as free state, divide new mexican land into new mexico and utah with popular sovereignty vote for slavery, ending slave trade in DC yet new fugitive slave law, and settling texas border dispute, debt.

Uncle tom’s cabin (5)

novel by harriet stowe, story telling painful slave experiences. promoted abolition movements and grew northern support.

Transcontinental railroad (5)

first railway connecting west and east coast of US, cutting down travel times and greatly improving trade and expansion

Kansas-Nebraska act (5)

proposed by stephen douglas to organize kansas and nebraska areas for expansion and transcontinental railroad. it proposed popular sovereignty for settlers to vote on slavery which repealed the missouri compromise and striped natives rights to the region. enraged northeners since it felt like rising south power and broke native treaties.

American party vs Republican party (5)

1854 election proved democrats and whigs to be weak in support and brought new parties. american: know nothing party attracted workers and protestant farmers that believed in anti-immigration and anti-catholic. republican: led by whigs and free soilers that argued against slavery and for internal improvements which attracted abolishionists.

Bleeding Kansas (5)

violent confrontations of pro slavery settlers and abolitionists in kansas during the popular sovereignty race. fear grew of a larger battle as an effect of this. additional events happened such as the violent caning of a senator after defending the abolitionists.

Dred Scott case (5)

an enslaved black man and wife sued for freedom while living in a free state which ruled that all africans- slaves or free- could not become citizens in the US and therefore could not sue in court, additionally making the missouri compromise unconstitutional. this intensified division fueling path to civil war, although later overturned in future amendments.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (5)

lincoln challenged douglas debates on slavery expansion with lincoln advocating for slavery being morally wrong and douglas arguing for popular sovereignty, earning lincoln popularity and and foreshadowing civil war.

John Brown's Raid (5)

john brown led raid by seizing weapons and gathering a slave rebellion that later failed resulting in many excecutions. Brown died a martyr and raid deepened divide making compromise impossible and was a catalyst for civil war.

Confederate states of america (5)

group of seceding states that joined as a self declared nation formed by 11 southern states started by SC following the election abe lincoln and feared the removal of slavery.

Crittenden plan (5)

1860 proposal by Crittenden to prevent civil war by permanently protecting slavery in southern slaves and extending missouri compromise to the pacific allowing slavery north of it. this plan failed as republicans did not agree to allow slavery.

Fort sumter (5)

last harbor in union control which lincoln sent goods peacefully too. confederate pres david demanded surrender and attacked it. lincoln sent 75000 troops in response. it marked start of civil war and cause of upper south 4 states to secede as well.