pathophysiology podacst ch1-2

Health

state of complete physical, mental, and social well‑being, not merely absence of disease

Disease

interruption or disorder of body structures or functions

Homeostasis

dynamic maintenance of stable internal environment

Etiology

cause(s) of disease, can be intrinsic or extrinsic

Risk factor

increases likelihood of disease but not direct cause

Pathogenesis

mechanism by which disease develops from etiologic factors

Morphology

structural changes in cells/tissues due to disease

Lesion

site of tissue change from disease

Clinical manifestations

signs (objective) and symptoms (subjective) that present

Signs

measurable or observable indicators like fever, rash, swelling

Symptoms

patient‑reported experiences like pain or nausea

Subclinical disease

pathological changes without noticeable symptoms

Prodrome

early symptom(s) indicating disease onset

Latent period

time between exposure and onset of signs/symptoms

Acute disease

rapid onset, short duration

Chronic disease

long duration, often slow onset

Epidemiology

study of distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations

Incidence

number of new cases in a specified period

Prevalence

total number of existing cases (new + old) at a given time

Mortality

death rate in a population

Morbidity

rate of disease or complications in a population

Complication

unfavorable evolution or consequence of disease

Sequela

condition resulting from previous disease

Diagnosis

identification of disease from its signs, symptoms, history, and tests

Prognosis

predicted course and outcome of disease

Prevention

measures to avoid disease onset (primary), detect early (secondary), or reduce harm (tertiary)

Therapy

treatment aimed at curing or reducing symptoms and complications