Year 9 Science Semester II Assessment Overview

These flashcards cover key concepts and learning objectives from the Year 9 Science Semester II curriculum, focusing on biology, chemistry, and physics.

What is the definition of reproduction in biology?

Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced.

What are the two types of reproduction?

The two types of reproduction are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.

What are the adaptive features of an egg cell?

Egg cells have a large size, a hard outer layer, and contain nutrients for the developing embryo.

What are the adaptive features of a sperm cell?

Sperm cells are small, have a flagellum for motility, and are produced in large numbers.

In what ways do male and female gametes differ?

Male gametes (sperm) are smaller and motile, whereas female gametes (eggs) are larger and immobile.

What is fertilisation?

Fertilisation is the process where a sperm cell successfully merges with an egg cell to form a zygote.

How does maternal health affect fetal health?

Maternal health, including diet, smoking, and drug use, directly impacts fetal growth and development.

What is the carbon cycle?

The carbon cycle is the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment.

What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is the warming of Earth's surface due to the trapping of heat by greenhouse gases.

What are the key patterns observed in Group 1 and Group 2 of the periodic table?

Group 1 elements are highly reactive metals; Group 2 elements are less reactive but still reactive metals.

What distinguishes physical changes from chemical changes?

Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition, while chemical changes result in new substances being formed.

How is energy conserved during a chemical change?

The law of conservation states that mass and energy must remain constant, ensuring total energy before and after the change remains equal.

What are the differences between series and parallel circuits?

In series circuits, all components are connected end-to-end; in parallel circuits, components are connected alongside each other.

What happens to current in a parallel circuit?

Current is divided among the parallel branches, with each branch receiving the same voltage.

How can you calculate resistance?

Resistance can be calculated using the formula R = V ÷ I, where V is voltage and I is current.

What is the relationship between power and energy?

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or converted; it can be calculated using P = V × I.

What forms of energy transfer are described in the physics section?

Energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.

How do convection currents form in everyday situations?

Convection currents form when warmer fluids rise and cooler fluids sink, creating a circulation pattern.

What is the definition of reproduction in biology?

Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced.

What are the 2 types of reproduction?

The 2 types of reproduction are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.

What are the adaptive features of an egg cell?

Egg cells have a large size, a hard outer layer, and contain nutrients for the developing embryo.

What are the adaptive features of a sperm cell?

Sperm cells are small, have a flagellum for motility, and are produced in large numbers.

In what ways do male and female gametes differ?

Male gametes (sperm) are smaller and motile, whereas female gametes (eggs) are larger and immobile.

What is fertilisation?

Fertilisation is the process where a sperm cell successfully merges with an egg cell to form a zygote.

How does maternal health affect fetal health?

Maternal health, including diet, smoking, and drug use, directly impacts fetal growth and development.

What is the carbon cycle?

The carbon cycle is the series of processes by which carbon compounds, primarily CO_{2}, are interconverted in the environment.

What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is the warming of Earth's surface due to the trapping of heat by greenhouse gases.

What are the key patterns observed in Group 1 and Group 2 of the periodic table?

Group 1 elements are highly reactive metals; Group 2 elements are less reactive but still reactive metals.

What distinguishes physical changes from chemical changes?

Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition, while chemical changes result in new substances being formed.

How is energy conserved during a chemical change?

The law of conservation states that mass and energy must remain constant, ensuring total energy before and after the change remains equal.

What are the differences between series and parallel circuits?

In series circuits, all components are connected end-to-end; in parallel circuits, components are connected alongside each other.

What happens to current in a parallel circuit?

Current is divided among the parallel branches, with each branch receiving the same voltage (V).

How can you calculate resistance?

Resistance can be calculated using the formula R = V %%div I, where V is voltage and I is current.

What is the relationship between power and energy?

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or converted; it can be calculated using P = V %%times I.

What forms of energy transfer are described in the physics section?

Energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.

How do convection currents form in everyday situations?

Convection currents form when warmer fluids rise and cooler fluids sink, creating a circulation pattern.

What is the role of respiration in the carbon cycle?

Respiration is the biological process by which living organisms release carbon dioxide (CO_{2}) back into the atmosphere by breaking down glucose.

What characterizes the elements in Group 7 (the Halogens)?

Group 7 elements are reactive non-metals whose reactivity decreases as you move down the group.

What is potential difference?

Potential difference, or voltage (V), is a measure of the energy transferred per unit charge between two points in a circuit.

How does radiation differ from conduction and convection?

Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not require a medium to transfer energy; it travels through a vacuum via electromagnetic waves.

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.