AP Human Geography- Unit 2 review

SLAYYYYYY

Natural Rate of Increase (NRI)

the percentage by which a population grows in a year

Formula for Natural Increase Rate

Number of births - Number of deaths = NIR

What is Doubling Time

the time it would take for a population to double at current natural growth rates

* formula: 70/NRI

Economic factors that influence growth/decline

* economic boom
* economic bust
* job availability
* housing

Political factors that influence growth/decline

* unstable governments
* war
* child policies

Environmental factors that influence growth/decline

* natural disasters
* drought
* disease
* famine

Cultural factors that influence growth/decline

* family traditions
* religion
* social norms

Why are women’s childbearing years reduced in core countries?

* they rather establish their careers

Increases in (blank) for women may (blank) maternal & infant mortality rates.

“political power”, “decrease”

Thomas Mathus’ theory

* population grows exponentially, while food production grows arithmetically (overpopulation)
* he believed that the world was headed towards a population disaster because there was more people than food

What checks did Malthus suggest in order to prevent a worldwide famine?

1) Positive Checks- external acts that will decrease population

2) Preventative Checks- internal actions that people/society can take

Evidence that supports Malthus’ theory

* there has been a population explosion
* repeated wars & famines in Sahel region of Africa suggest population growth has outstripped food supply
* WHO says that more than 800 million people are chronically malnourished

Did his theory ever occur?/ What are the limitations?

NOOO!!!!

* ignored advances in agriculture/healthcare technology
* not useful at broader scale

Neo-Malthusians

People in the 1960s whom began worrying about the population disaster

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

based on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics (birth/death rate) to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles through states as that country develops economically

Limitations of DTM

* not all of a country progresses at the same rate
* it is based solely on the experience of Western Europe and may not be applicable to other parts of the world
* some critics feel it implies causes & effects that do not exist

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death

Limitations of ETM

* focuses only on health-related factors, and almost exclusively on disease
* oversimplifies the causes and patterns of disease and mortality
* overlooks the role that poverty plays in determining disease risk & mortality
* does not address changes that are occurring in how people live
* it is unknown how human-caused environmental factors might affect the causes of mortality as described in the ETM

Antinatalist

policies are designed to curb population growth by discouraging citizens from having children

Incentives:

* contraceptive education
* family planning support
* financial/social incentives
* restriction on family size

Countries:

* India
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* China

Pronatalist

policies that encourage births and aim to accelerate population growth

Incentives:

* financial support
* free daycare
* cash money per child
* fully paid maternity/paternity leave

Countries:

* denmark
* singapore
* russia
* hungary
* japan

China’s One Child Policy

* couples had to apply to have a child
* men could not marry until 22, women: 20
* having only one child would result in increased social benefits like money from the government, free food, and expended job opportunities
* having a second child could result in massive fines and a reduction in social benefits
* men and women could receive large sums of money for undergoing sterilizations. In the late 1980s, some sterilizations in rural areas were forced

Consequences of the One Child Policy

* population & birth rates declined significantly
* skewed sex ration that favored males to females. this led to sex selective abortions & the abandonment of millions of baby girls.
* upside down dependency ration. far too many elderly with few young to support them

Land degredation

long-term damage to the soil’s ability to support life

Examples:

* soil exhaustion
* soil erosion
* deforestation

Social consequences of an aging population

* reduced crime rate
* larger need for doctors, nurses, hospitals and nursing homes
* younger generation forced to care for elders

political consequences of an aging population

* more conservative voters
* elder care a top priority in votes

Environmental consequences of an aging population

* more public transportation usage
* parks needed

Economic consequences of an aging population

* less workers contributing to the economy
* high medical costs
* low/no growth

Mobility

a general term that refers to all types of movements

Circulation

movements that occur on a regular basis, like a daily commute to school/work

Human Migration

a permanent move to a new location

Emigration

E = exit: migration from a location

Immigration

I = into: migration to a location

Net Migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a location (IN-OUT)

Countries with Net-Out Migration

* asia
* latin america
* africa

Countries with Net-In Migration

* north america
* europe
* oceania

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

* Migration is typically over a short distance
* Migration occurs in steps, like from a rural area to a nearby city, and then perhaps on to a larger city
* Long-distance migrants often move to places of economic opportunity (urban areas)

What is the Gravity Model

* based on Ravenstein’s work & Newton’s law of universal gravitation
* It suggests that as the population of a city increases, migration to the city increases, and as the distance to a city grows, migration to that city decreases

Push Factors

motivates migrants to leave their location of origin

Pull Factors

attracts migrants to a new location

Political Push Factors

* political persecution
* intolerance of dissent
* abuse of power by ruling parties
* open violence/conflict

Political Pull Factors

* peace
* greater freedoms from government oversight

Economic Push Factors

* poor job prospects
* low wages
* weak national economy
* no opportunities for the highly skilled/educated

Economic Pull Factors

* better employment opportunities
* high wages
* low unemployment
* strong national economy

Cultural Push Factors

* religious persecution
* racial/ethnic/identity-based discrimination
* countries that limit female emigrants

Cultural Pull Factors

* freedom of religion
* racial/ethnic/identity recognition
* fair emigration

Demographic Push factors

* overpopulation
* lack of access to needed services

Demographic Pull Factors

* imbalance in gender ratio (ability to find a spouse)
* low population

Environmental Push factors

* drought
* flooding
* crop failures

Environmental Pull factors

* desirable climate
* fertile soil
* flat land

International Migration

permanent move from one country to another

What is the biggest reason for voluntary migration?

Economic reasons

What is the biggest reason for forced migration?

war, oppression, or natural disasters

Internal Migration

permanent move within the same country

Interregional Migration

Movement between regions of a country

Intraregional Migration

Movement within the same region

Chain Migration

when people move to a new area or country because a family has moved there

Example of Chain Migration

Irish Potato Famine: Ireland → America

Step Migration

when a person makes small, incremental moves to their ultimate migration goal

Intervening Obstacles

an occurrence that causes a migrant to pause their journey. This can be done by choice (intervening opportunity; jobs) or by force (obstacle; barriers/documentation)

Guest Worker Programs (circular migration)

* seasonal migration: workers from poor countries move to richer countries work in specific areas like manufacturing or agriculture

Refugees (Forced Migration)

forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and they cannot return for for fear of persecution

Asylum Seeker (forced migration)

someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

Internally Displaced Person (IDP) (forced migration)

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

Climate refugee

people forced to flee by natural disasters or global warming

* not entitled to same protections as traditional refugees

Human Trafficking

the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion. it is modern day slavery

Why would it be difficult to obtain a refugee status

* limited language skills
* trauma
* illness
* lack of documentation
* real vs perceived threat
* overly taxed system

Where may refugees seek asylum?

* any of the 145 countries that have ratified the United Nation’s 1951 Refugee Convention

What is a host country expected to provide?

* civil rights
* the right to work
* access to social services

Repatriate

return to their home country

* fewer refugees have been able to repatriate

Indian Removal Act of 1830

authorized the US Army to force tribes off their land to be replaced by white settlers (Trail of Tears)

The Great Migration

6 million African Americans migrated from the agrarian South to the industrialized North of the US

Reasons for the Great Migration

* racial discrimination
* pestilence on cotton crops
* better jobs in north
* join family that had already moved

Great Migration → __Kinship Links__

networks of relatives and friends that led migrants to follow similar settlement patterns

International/Intraregional Migration Example: Somali

* Somali Resettlement: fled war & famine in Somali and began resettling in the US in the 1990s.
* Refugees are located in cities like Houston, Minneapolis, Atlanta, and Boston.
* Kinship Links are used to create communities

International/Intraregional Migration Example: Hmong

* Hmong citizens fought alongside US soldiers during the Vietnam War
* Many Hmong were being killed by Laos government, so many fled to California, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
* Chain Migration + Kinship Links

What drives migration policies

* meet labor market demands within the country
* increase diversity
* limit the numbers of immigrants from specific countries or regions
* possible xenophobia
* policies aimed at protecting women & children (high risk immigrants)

The European Union is facing a massive influx of asylum seekers. What is their policy?

* asylum seekers must apply in the first EU country they enter

What strict laws were enacted in the US after 9/11?

* 2017 restriction on foreign nationals from 7 Muslim-majority countries
* 2017 repeal of deferred action for childhood arrivals
* 2018 “zero-tolerance” immigration policy that resulted in family separations

Positive Economic Consequences of Migration

* decreasing the dependency age in their new home country
* large number of people willing to work for low wages
* increase population numbers in new home country
* migrants who move into rural areas offset the urbanization of cities and slow down overpopulation of areas
* free up services like health care and food in their country of origin

Negative Economic Consequences of Migration

* skills gap- shortage of trained people in a particular industry
* population decline
* low wage, unsafe jobs
* remittances- send money abroad to family (does not add to country’s economy)
* brain drain- loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another, often richer, country

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of ideas and culture traits through migration

Population Distribution

where people live within a geographic area

Population Distribution Patterns

* uniform
* random
* clustered
* linear

Ecumene Zone

places hosting permanent human settlement

What kind of physical environments do humans avoid?

* dry lands
* wet lands
* cold lands
* high lands

Climate

the long-term patterns of weather in an area that greatly affect population distribution in direct/indirect wars

Weather

the condition of the atmosphere at a particular location and time

Human Factors that Influence Population

* Economic: humans will always go where they can make the most money for themselves or their families
* Political: Humans want the ability to live in peace & have fair balanced trade & human rights
* Cultural: Belonging to a community of people who share common values & beliefs
* Historical: communities that have been established for thousands of years will continue to exist

Arithmetic Density

* useful for comparing different countries or areas

Physiological Density

* useful for analyzing food availability in different places

Agricultural Density

* an indicator of development- less farmers support more people in the developed world

What kind of country would evenly & densely populated areas tend to be?

* core countries

What kind of country would scattered populations tend to be?

* periphery countries

Carrying Capacity

the maximum population size an environment can sustain

* these environments will have high levels of poverty & famine/starvation

Dependency Ratio

the number of people who are too young/old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

* if a country has more dependents than workers, it will struggle economically.

Sex Ratio

the number of males per 100 females in the population

Factors that affect sex ratio

* in peripheral countries, the number of women who die in childbirth contributes to a lower percentage of women
* countries with a high rate of emigration of men have higher percentages of women
* deaths of men in wars lead to a higher percentage of women
* cultural preference for boys results in higher percentage of men

Fertility

the ability to produce children

* better education & job opportunities tend to lead to lower fertility rates

Crude Birth Rate

the number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population