Chemistry : Ultimate Review Guide

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

Volume

The amount of space an object occupies.

Elements

One type of atom that can exist as atoms or molecules.

Molecules

Two or more atoms chemically bound together, which can be the same or different types of atoms.

Compounds

Two or more different elements with a set ratio.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.

Mixture

Contains two or more substances.

Homogeneous Mixture

One or more substances dissolved in another substance, resulting in a uniform composition.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture of substances that remain physically separate.

Filtration

A technique to separate solids from liquids and gases, where a filter allows only the fluid to pass.

Distillation

A method to separate liquids based on their different boiling points.

Chromatography

A technique that separates liquids based on their solubilities.

Solid

Has a definite shape and volume with low energy, having a regular particle pattern.

Liquid

Has a definite volume and takes the shape of its container, with some energy allowing particles to slide past each other.

Gas

Takes the shape and volume of its container, having high energy with particles moving quickly and spreading out.

Endothermic

A process in which the system absorbs heat from its surroundings.

Exothermic

A process in which the system releases heat to its surroundings.

Convection

Energy transfer due to the bulk motion of fluids at different temperatures.

Conduction

Energy transfer due to temperature differences through particle collisions.

Radiation

Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.

Acid-Base Reaction

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water.

Precipitate

An insoluble solid that forms when two aqueous solutions mix.

Solubility Rules

Guidelines to determine if a substance will dissolve in water.

Oxidation

The loss of electrons during a reaction.

Reduction

The gain of electrons during a reaction.

Combustion Reaction

A reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, releasing heat and light.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is completely used up in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of product formed.

Boyle's Law

The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas, stating that pressure increases as volume decreases.

Charles's Law

The relationship between volume and temperature of a gas, stating that volume increases as temperature increases.

Ideal Gas Law

A relation between pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of an ideal gas, expressed as PV=nRT.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

Percent Composition

The mass percent of each element in a compound.

Empirical Formula

Represents the simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound.

Molecular Formula

The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.