Chemistry : Ultimate Review Guide

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35 Terms

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Matter

Anything that has mass and volume.

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Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

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Volume

The amount of space an object occupies.

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Elements

One type of atom that can exist as atoms or molecules.

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Molecules

Two or more atoms chemically bound together, which can be the same or different types of atoms.

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Compounds

Two or more different elements with a set ratio.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.

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Mixture

Contains two or more substances.

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Homogeneous Mixture

One or more substances dissolved in another substance, resulting in a uniform composition.

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Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture of substances that remain physically separate.

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Filtration

A technique to separate solids from liquids and gases, where a filter allows only the fluid to pass.

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Distillation

A method to separate liquids based on their different boiling points.

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Chromatography

A technique that separates liquids based on their solubilities.

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Solid

Has a definite shape and volume with low energy, having a regular particle pattern.

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Liquid

Has a definite volume and takes the shape of its container, with some energy allowing particles to slide past each other.

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Gas

Takes the shape and volume of its container, having high energy with particles moving quickly and spreading out.

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Endothermic

A process in which the system absorbs heat from its surroundings.

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Exothermic

A process in which the system releases heat to its surroundings.

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Convection

Energy transfer due to the bulk motion of fluids at different temperatures.

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Conduction

Energy transfer due to temperature differences through particle collisions.

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Radiation

Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.

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Acid-Base Reaction

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water.

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Precipitate

An insoluble solid that forms when two aqueous solutions mix.

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Solubility Rules

Guidelines to determine if a substance will dissolve in water.

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Oxidation

The loss of electrons during a reaction.

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Reduction

The gain of electrons during a reaction.

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Combustion Reaction

A reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, releasing heat and light.

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Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is completely used up in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of product formed.

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Boyle's Law

The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas, stating that pressure increases as volume decreases.

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Charles's Law

The relationship between volume and temperature of a gas, stating that volume increases as temperature increases.

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Ideal Gas Law

A relation between pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of an ideal gas, expressed as PV=nRT.

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Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

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Percent Composition

The mass percent of each element in a compound.

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Empirical Formula

Represents the simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound.

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Molecular Formula

The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.