Pre- Area Solo

Cornea

Part of Eye that provides most light bending.

Pupil

Component of eye that regulates light into eye.

Cones

Cell that is part of retina that detects daytime objects and colour.

Rods

Cell that is part of retina that detects movement and used at night time.

Fovea

Highest concentration of Cones can be found in.

Db when Piston engine at a meter away (ear discomfort).

120db

Db when Jet engine a meter away (ear pain).

140db

Db when Jet aircraft with afterburner selected.

150db

How much of sense of balance derived from eyes.

80%

How much balance information derived from proprioceptors.

10%

When scuba diving, if no Decompression stops are required, how many hours do you have to wait before your next flight?

4 hours

When scuba diving, If dive less than 4 hours but did require decompression stops how many hours do you have to wait to fly?

12 Hours

When scuba diving, if dive longer than 4 hours and did require decompression stops how many hours do you have to wait till your next flight>

48 hours

When does A 'grey out' - loss of colour vision occur

3.5G- 4.5G

4.5G

Tunnel vision - field of view will shrink.

5G

Black out - total loss of vision.

5-6 G's and Higher

Loss of consciousness.

Schedule 5

Contains Daily Inspections and what needs to be checked.

CASR 91.455 - 91.485

Refuelling regulations.

How many minutes must you plan to land before last light according to CASA (not RMIT)

10 minutes

Emergency ADS-B code for unlawful interference (hijacking).

7500

Point Cook Training Area

Training Area defined by Avalon Airspace boundary and Extended centerline of Avalon RWY 18/36.

Bendigo Flight Training Area

Primarily north-east of Bendigo Airport.

Noise abatement areas

Areas that may be active within the vicinity of a training area and need to be checked for status before flight.

What is SFC - BCTA

Abbreviation related to flight training operations.

NOTAM's

Notices to Airmen that provide information about the status of the airspace.

NAIPS

Weather information sourced from the National Aeronautical Information Processing System.

Weight and Balance for C172

Calculations to ensure the aircraft is within safe operational limits.

Take-Off and Landing charts

Charts for the most limiting runway used during takeoff and landing.

IMSAFE

A checklist to ensure a pilot is fit to fly.

Review of hours left on aircraft's Maintenance Release

Checking the remaining hours before the aircraft requires maintenance.

What do you have to verify before coming into land

Check that the final approach path and runway are free of traffic.

Overhead meaning and height at RMIT

flying over the circuit at 1500 feet

How do you join a circuit?

Fly overhead at 1500ft to the circuit, then continue ALT but follow circuit pattern. When safe to do so descend to 1000 and join circuit on downwind or crosswind.

Advantages of refuelling at the end of the day

Prevents condensation in the fuel tank and reduces fire hazard.

Disadvantages of refuelling at the end of the day

Fuel may expand and drain out through the fuel vent; aircraft may need to be defueled the following day.

What do you adjust when you use the mixture thing

Adjustments to the fuel-air mixture in the engine.

Detonation

A condition where the fuel-air mixture explodes prematurely in the engine.

Symptoms of detonation

Rising CHT, significant power loss, engine vibration, and pinging sound.

How do you cool the engine?

Actions taken to reduce engine temperature, including setting mixture control to full rich and reducing power.

Fuel Injection Engines

Engines that are ONLY susceptible to Impact Ice.

Carburettor Engines

Engines that are susceptible to Impact Ice, Fuel Vaporisation Icing and Throttle ice.

Carburettor icing

Most likely to be found in cooler temperatures below 20°C, high relative humidity and low power settings.

Carburettor Heat

Can remove or prevent ice formation.

Effects of Carburettor Heat

Will result in Less Power, a reduction in air density in the engine and a richer mixture.

RPM Indications (ice present)

If carburettor heat is applied and ice is present, there will be a drop in RPM, some rough running, followed by an RPM increase to slightly lower than initial power setting.

RPM Indications (ice not present)

There will be a drop in RPM with lower RPM maintained and the engine running smoothly.

Static blocked: VSI

Read zero for both Climb and descend

Pitot Blocked: ASI

Climbing: Over read

Desending: Under read

Static Blocked: ALT

Climbing: Under read

Descending: Over read

Static Blocked: ASI

Climbing: Under read

Descending: Over read

Pitot Tube blocked: VSI and ALT

No effect

ASI - Airspeed Indicator

Measures the aircraft's indicated speed through the air.

ALT - Altimeter

Measures the aircraft's altitude above a particular level.

VSI - Vertical Speed Indicator

Measures the rate at which the aircraft is climbing/descending through the air in feet per minute.

DI - Direction Indicator

Indicates the aircraft's direction or heading.

AI - Attitude Indicator

Indicates the aircraft's attitude in relation to the natural horizon.

TC - Turn Coordinator

Indicates the rate at which the aircraft is turning and whether the turn is in balance.

Cloud Types

Different types of clouds categorized by their appearance and altitude.

Cirrus

High level fibrous cloud.

Cirrostratus

High sheet layer, sun appears as halo.

Cirrocumulus

High level cloud, white.

Altostratus

Bluish sheet layer, sun appears through ground glass.

Altocumulus

Mid layer, white - grey.

Nimbostratus

Grey sheet or layer, sun obscured.

Cumulonimbus

Very tall cloud, anvil feature.

Cumulus

Low level, Cauliflower shaped.

Stratocumulus

Low level, mostly grey.

Stratus

Low level, grey sheet, Sun may be ragged.

How do you spot turbulence

Can be observed from many weather features including convective clouds, mammatus features, Kelvin Helmholtz clouds, dust devils, inversions, thermals, and mechanical turbulence.

What ingredients need to be present in a Thunderstorm

High Humidity, Atmospheric Instability, Trigger Mechanism.

Three Stages of Thunderstorm Life

Cumulus Stage, Mature Stage, Dissipating Stage.

Thunderstorm Trigger Mechanisms

Can be triggered through Orographic Uplift, Frontal Systems, Cold Stream Airflow, Nocturnal, and Convergence.

Hazards of Thunderstorm

Include turbulence and windshear, low level windshear, severe airframe icing, reduced visibility, hail damage, and lightning.

Fog

Is visibility below 1,000m whereas Mist is visibility between 1,000m and 5,000m.

Conditions to form Fog

Requires clear skies at night, light winds (below 5Kts).

Foehn Wind

Created when airflows over a mountain range from a warm, moist side known as windward side, leading to hotter, drier air on the lee side.

Lee Side

The side of the mountain that creates drier desert conditions

Windward Side

The side of the mountain that creates more rainfall and denser forests

Mountain Waves

Severe turbulent conditions over a large area due to the mechanical turbulence of mountains, requiring wind above 25Kts at mountain peak.

Lenticular Clouds

Clouds that may form due to mountain waves.

Rotor Clouds

Clouds that may form due to mountain waves.

Sea Breeze

Formed by uneven heating of land vs water, creating winds of up to 25 Kts, strongest in mid-afternoon (3 PM).

Land Breeze

Formed by the reverse process when water is hotter than land, strongest just after sunrise (6-7 AM).

Anabatic Winds

Winds that form during daytime with land heating, strongest in mid-afternoon (3 PM).

Katabatic Winds

Winds that form overnight when land is at coldest, stronger than anabatic winds due to alignment with gravity.

Lift Drag Ratio

Best Lift Drag Ratio is found at a 4° Angle of Attack.

Pilots lift formula

Lift is calculated as L = IAS x AoA.

Adverse Aileron Yaw

Produced by the difference in Lift of the two wings of the aircraft, yawing outside the direction of turn.

Frise Type Ailerons

The upgoing aileron protrudes into the airflow below the wing, increasing parasite drag.

Differential Ailerons

The upgoing aileron travels more distance than the downgoing aileron, changing lift and drag.

Aileron-Rudder Coupling

When aileron input is applied on the control column, rudder is automatically applied to keep in balance.

Load Factor (LF)

Calculated as Load Factor (LF) = Lift/Weight.

Illusions in Flight

On X-wind, we can feel like we are slipping in the turn; on Base, we can feel like we are skidding in the turn.

Stalling Factors

Factors include stall speed, nose attitude, weight, altitude, power, angle of bank, flap, ice/damage, and center of gravity.

Weight Equation

Weight = Lift = Clx 1/2x p (density)x V^2 (velocity)x s (wing area)

Spin Recovery Steps

To recover from a spin: Power to idle, ailerons neutral, rudder opposite direction to roll, elevator to unstall wings.

Spiral Dive Recovery Steps

reduce power to idle, roll wings level, raise the nose to the horizon, apply full power.

Spin vs Spiral Dive

Spin is associated with a stalled aircraft; spiral dive is not stalled.

Skidding

Skid out of a turn (Tail out of the turn). Less ruder