AP Psych - Disorders and Therapy

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity

medical model

the concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in some cases, cured

DSM-V

the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

un-DSM

* catalogues human strengths
* **positive psychology**

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder

* **anxiety disorder**
* continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

panic disorder

* **anxiety disorder**
* unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

phobia

* **Anxiety Disorder**
* persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

obsessions

repetitive thoughts

compulsions

repetitive behaviors

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

* **OCD and Related Disorders**
* unwanted repetitive thoughts (**obsessions**) and/or actions (**compulsions**)

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

* **Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders**
* haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers after a traumatic experience

post-traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling w/ extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

* **Dissociative disorder**
* a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities

dissociative amnesia

* **Dissociative disorder**
* loss of memory
* distinct from organic amnesia bc…
* loss of memory for both distant/recent past
* loss of personal identity
* no anterograde amnesia (remember things after onset)
* reverses abruptly

dissociative fugue

* **dissociative disorder**
* loss of identity and __travel__ to a new location

personality disorder

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social funcioning

antisocial personality disorder

* **personality disorder**
* exhibits a disregard for others

somatoform disorders

disorders in which physical problems can occur for psychological reasons

illness anxiety disorder

* **somatic symptom and related disorders**
* physical symptoms for which there is o physical cause

functional neurological symptom disorder

* **somatic symptom and related disorders**
* the change or conversion of a psychological factor (typically anxiety) into the actual loss of physical function

somatic symptom disorder

* **somatic symptom and related disorders**
* medical condition induced by psychological factors

depressive disorders

psychological disorders characterized by a disturbance in the person’s emotions

major depressive disorder

* **depressive disorder**
* significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

persistent depressive disorder

* **depressive disorder**
* similar to major depressive disorder but less severe and shorter in duration

mania

period of abnormally high emotion + activity

bipolar

* **bipolar and related disorders**
* alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

schizophrenia

* **Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders**
* characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychological disorders

hallucination

A perception of having seen, heard, touched, tasted, or smelled something that wasn't actually there

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques

eclectic approach

use of techniques from various forms of therapy

psychoanalysis

* **Sigmund Freud’s** therapeutic approach
* aims to address unconscious thoughts and repressed fears

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, noting dream meanings and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer of emotions linked with other relationships to the analyst

psychodynamic therapy

* derived from **psychoanalysis**
* views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences

insight therapies

aim to increase client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

client-centered therapy

* pioneered by **Carl Rogers**
* active listening, accepting enviroment

active listening

* empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
* feature of **Rogers’ client-centered therapy**

unconditional positive regard

* accepting, nonjudgmental attitude
* feature of **Carl Roger’s** therapy technique

behavior therapy

applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors (behaviors were learned so they can be unlearned)

counterconditioning

* uses **classical conditioning** to evoke new responses to triggering stimuli


* includes **exposure therapies** and **aversive conditioning**

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques (like **systematic desensitization**) that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

systematic desensitization

type of **exposure therapy** that associates a relaxed state w/ gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

virtual reality exposure therapy

progressively exposes people to simulations of their fears

aversive conditioning

type of **counterconditioning** that associates an unpleasant state (ex. nausea) w/ an unwanted behavior (ex. alcohol consumption)

token economy

**operant conditioning** procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various rewards

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting

cognitive-behavior therapy

combines **cognitive therapy** (changing self-defeating thinking) w/ **behavior therapy** (changing behaviors)

family therapy

* treats the family as a system


* views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

group therapy

form of therapy in which one or more therapists treat clients as a group

regression toward the mean

tendency for unusual events/emotions to return to their average state

meta-analysis

procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

evidence-based practice

clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research w/ clinical expertise and patient preferences

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

* developed by **Francine Shapiro**
* client processes triggering memories while experiencing external stimuli

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications/procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders

tardive dyskinesia

* involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, limbs
* possible side effect of long-term antipsychotics that target certain dopamine receptors

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression, also increasingly prescribed for anxiety

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy used to treat depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rMTS)

* application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain


* used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

psychosurgery

surgery that removes/destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

lobotomy

* now-rare psychological procedure


* cut the nerves connecting the frontal nerves to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

David Rosenhan

* psychologist
* **Rosenhan** experiment (challenging validity of psychiatric diagnosis)

Sigmund Freud

* **Psychoanalyst**
* Unconscious
* **Id, ego, superego**
* **Free association**

Albert Ellis

* **cognitive-behavioral** therapies
* **rational emotive behavioral therapy** (**REBT**

Aaron Beck

* **cognitive** therapy
* **CBT**

Martin Seligman

* Psychologist
* **Positive** psychology
* **Learned helpless**

Herman Rorschach

Carl Rogers

* **Humanistic** psychologist
* Focused on growth and fulfillment
* **Unconditional positive regard**

Mary Cover Jones

* **behavioral** therapist
* **counter-conditioning**

Joseph Wolpe

* **behavioral** therapist
* **systematic desensitization + fear hierarchy**

B.F. Skinner

* Elaborated on Thorndike's **law of effect**
* Skinner boxes, pigeons
* **Behaviorist**