Speech Science Exam 2

thyroid cartilage parts

notch, facets, superior cornu, lamina, prominence, angle, inferior cornu

cricoid cartilage parts

posterior quadrate lamina, anterior arch, facets

arytenoid cartilage parts

corniculate cartilage, vocal process, apex

epiglottis parts

 body, lingual surface, petiolus

hyoid bone

lesser cornua, greater cornua, body

cricothyroid joint movement

rotates and slides

cricoarytenoid joint movement

rocking and sliding

5 layers of vocal folds

Thin stiff capsule of squamous epithelium that determines the outer shape of the vocal fold

Superficial layer of lamina propria that consists of loose fibrous matrix that resembles soft gelatin and is anchored to epithelium through a region called the basement membrane zone

Intermediate layer of lamina propria that contains elastic fibers and is likened to a bundle of soft rubber bands

Deep layer of lamina propria that contains collagen fiber and bears analogy to a bundle of cotton thread

Muscle fibers that form the inner vocal fold and are equivalent of a bundle of stiff rubber bands

Vocal fold body comprises muscle fibers and deep layer of lamina propria

extrinsic ligaments and membranes of larynx

hyoepiglottic ligament, middle hypothyroid ligament, hypothyroid membrane, cricotracheal membrane

intrinsic ligaments and membranes of larynx

thyroepiglottic ligament, quadrangular membrane, vocal ligament, ventricular ligament, middle cricothyroid ligament, conus elasticus

thyroarytenoid muscle

forms vocal fold

thyromuscularis muscle

relax and shorten vocal folds

thyrovocalis muscle

shortens, thickens, and increases tension of vocal folds

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

contraction of this muscle rocks arytenoid cartilage away from midline

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

adducts vocal folds

atyenoid muscle

voice protection and airway protection

transvers arytenoid muscle

adducts vocal folds, closes posterior glottis

oblique arytenoid muscle

adduct arytenoid cartilages

aryepiglottic muscle

contracts different components of arytenoid muscle

cricothyroid muscle

pulls 1 arytenoid cartilage toward the other in a tipping action

sternothyroid muscle

contraction of this muscle pulls thyroid cartilage downward

thyrohyoid muscle

contraction of this muscle decreases distance between thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

inferior constrictor muscle

contraction of this muscle moves sidewall of lower pharynx inward and decreases size of pharyngeal lumen, stabilizes position of laryngeal housing

sternohyoid muscle

contraction of this muscle pulls thyroid cartilage downward

thyrohyoid muscle

contraction of this muscle decreases distance between thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

inferior constrictor muscle

contraction of this muscle moves sidewall of lower pharynx inward and decreases size of pharyngeal lumen, stabilizes position of laryngeal housing

sternohyoid muscle

contraction of this muscle places a downward pull-on hyoid boneo

omohyoid muscle

contraction of this muscle places a downward and backward pull on hyoid bone, and tenses supporting fascia in region and prevents neck form being sucked inward ruing a forceful inspiration

diagastric muscle

pulls upward on hyoid bone and/or downward on mandible

stylohyoid muscle

places an upward and backward pull on hyoid bone when contracted

mylohyoid muscle

upward and forward pull on hyoid bone when contracted and elevation of floor of oral cavity and tongue

hyoglossus muscle

retracts and depresses tongue and/or elevates hyoid bone when contracted

genioglossus muscle

when contracted can have variety of influences on positioning of tongue and/or hyoid bones; draws hyoid upward and forward

vocal fold abduction

movement of a vocal fold away from midline,

posterior cricoarytenoid main muscle for this

vocal fold adduction

movement of a vocal fold toward midline

lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid main muscles in this

vocal fold lengthening

achieved by forward directed forces pulling on front ends of vocal folds at their point of attachment to the inside of the thyroid cartilage and/or by backward directed forces pulling on back ends of the vocal folds at their points of attachment to vocal processes of arytenoid cartilages

cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, thyroarytenoid main muscles in this

ventricle fold movement

extend well into airway to form a roof over vocal folds, may also tilt downward toward vocal folds and come in contact with them

epiglottis movement

backward and downward to horizontal or beyond and thereby cover the laryngeal aditus, elevation of laryngeal housing forces front of epiglottis against base of tongue, compressing It backward and downward over upper opening to larynx

laryngeal housing movement

move in all directions, most important is vertical

5 laryngeal control variable

Laryngeal opposing pressure

Laryngeal airway resistance-

Glottal size and configuration-

Stiffness of vocal folds

Effective mass of vocal folds-

laryngeal opposing pressure

laryngeal control variable

net opposing pressure that has compressive muscle pressure that squeezes the closed larynx and holds vocal folds together, surface tension between opposed surfaces of the moist vocal folds that holds them together and gravity that weighs down the vocal folds and influences them differently in different body positions

laryngeal airway resistance

laryngeal control variable

measure of opposition provided by larynx to airflow through it

glottal size and configuration

laryngeal control variable

glottis can be adjusted to change length, diameter, area and shape

glottis can be adjusted to change length, diameter, area and shape, maximum glottal size is achieved during deeper nspiration following panting, medium size associated with resting tidal breathing, small glottis achieved to form a narrow glottis along length of vocal folds or a small gap in posterior part of larynx

stiffness of vocal folds

laryngeal control variable

indication of their rigidity or tautness, reciprocal of compliance and in physical terms conveys how much the vocal folds move for given force applied to them

effective mass of vocal folds

laryngeal control variable

only part of vocal fold mass may participate in a given activity, full mass and effective mass are same when vocal folds are fully abducted and maximally elongated, full mass and effective mass are different when vocal folds are partitioned by some action that encumbers them at some intermediate point along their lengths

neural innervation of larynx

Thyroartyenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricothyroid, arytenoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, inferior constrictor muscle, omohyoid, sternohyoid, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, genior glossus, diagastric, mylohyoid all of part of neural innervation

Innervation to 5 intrinsic muscles of larynx is through cranial nerve X. As cranial X leaves the brainstem and descends in the neck it gives off 2 main branches to innervate intrinsic muscles of larynx

Innervation of 3 extrinsic muscle of larynx s provided by cervical spinal nerves.

8 supplementary muscles receive their motor innervation in various combinations through cranial nerves V, VII,  and XII and cervical spinal  nerves C1, C2, and C3

4 major functions of larynx

degree of coupling between trachea and pharynx, protection of pulmonary airways, containment of pulmonary air supply and sound generation`

transient turbulence noise and larynx

stop explosive burst; glottal stop-plosive that is analogous to downstream production of voiceless stop-plosive consonants

sustained turbulence noise and larynx

major constriction cause air to flow turbulently

vocal fold vibration

Each vibration consists of lateral and medial excursions of vocal folds that rapidly and repeatedly valve the expiratory airstream

aeuromechanical force and vocal folds

set the vocal folds (or lips) in position to be moved passively to and fro

tissue force and vocal fold

when tissue recoil forces reverse the movement of vocal folds so that they begin to move inward, the airflow through glottis decreases, but the accelerated air column continues to move upward, helps lower intraglottal pressure to allow an unimpeded return of tissue toward midline

fundamental frequency change

pitch of voice

elevating or lowering of larynx

breathing apparatus and sound pressure

influences sound pressure level of voice through changes in tracheal air pressure, which correspond closely to changes in alveolar air pressure, increases and decreases in tracheal air pressure causes increases and deceases in sound pressure level

laryngeal apparatus and sound pressure

- higher sound pressure levels of the voice are produced with higher laryngeal opposing pressures, needed to contain increased tracheal air pressure and prevent it from escaping uselessly

pharyngeal-oral apparatus and sound pressure

it ends to blossom open more and more with successive increases in sound pressure level; adjustment that lowers the radiation impedance so that sound energy is transmitted more effectively to the atmosphere

fundamental frequency-sound pressure level profile

The fundamental frequency range of voice is greatest in the midrange of sound pressure levels, and the sound pressure level range is greatest in the midrange of fundamental frequencies

voice source spectrum

Consists of fundamental frequency and successive odd and harmonics that decrease in sound pressure level with increases harmonic number at a rate of about 12 dB per octave above 100 Hz

Voice quality attributes such as berathiness, strain and loudness

modal register

middle of 3 speaking voice registers and typically used during most conversation speech production, characterized by moderate values of vocal fold length, vocal fold thickness, vocal fold stiffness, laryngeal opposing pressure, laryngeal airway resistance, tracheal air pressure and trans laryngeal airflow.

pulse register

lowest of 3 speaking voices, quality of voice produces is referred to as vocal fry, glottal fry, or creaky voice, and has a certain growl-like quality that some have described as coarse and bubbly

loft register

highest of 3 speaking voices, quality of voice produced is sometimes described as think, flute-like, breathy with acoustic characteristics that resembles a pure tone

larynx articulator

Primary articulators for productions of what are called glottal sound, which include the glottal stop=plosive consonant  and glottal fricative consonant /h/

structural and functional changes to larynx

The larynx starts out high within neck at newborn. The larynx descends gradually throughout first 2 decades of life. It triples in size during developmental period. The larynx continues to lowers slightly in adult years.

speech production and laryngeal function

Puberty- accompanies by pitch breaks

Larynx cartilage begins to calcify and ossify in adult years

sex differences in larynx

Men- larger larynx, thyroid laminae narrower, lower fundamental frequencies, no opening between vocal folds during voicing

Women- smaller larynx, thyroid laminae wider, higher fundamental frequencies, opening between vocal folds during voicing