Bio Vocab chp 6-22

cellular metabolism

all the chemical processes occurring within the cell

mitochondria

where the processes of cellular respiration take place

matrix

the fluid-like substance that occupies the space enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria

cellular respiration

the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules, in other words, the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules and the storage of potential energy in the form of ATP

breathing

the process your body uses to exchange gases (O2 and CO2) between your blood and the outside air, this occurs in tiny sacs called alveoli in the lungs

alveoli

tiny dead-end sacs within the vertebrate lungs that act as sites for gas exchange between the blood and lungs

diaphragm

the sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals

surfactants

specialized secretions that keep alveoli from sticking shut due to the surface tension created by their moist surfaces

hemoglobin

a molecule consisting of 4 polypeptides and is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood

oxygen

the gas used by cells during cellular respiration, also a by-product of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide

the gas released as a by-product of cellular respiration, also used to build sugar molecules in photosynthesis

glucose

a simple carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis and consumed in cellular respiration

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

the source of energy for most cellular work and is the product of cellular respirationadeno

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

when ATP is used in cellular work and a chemical reaction breaks the bonds between a phosphate group, releasing potential energy that allows a cell to preform work

NAD+ (oxidized) / NADH (reduced)

a coenzyme that readily accepts or gives up electrons and a H+ ion. It acts as a carrier molecule during cellular respiration

coenzyme

a small, organic substance that unites with a given protein to form an active enzyme complex, allowing the enzyme to preform its function

calorie

the energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

kilocalorie

(1000 calories) the amount of energy needed to raise 1000 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius

chemical work

the building of molecules within a cell, like building a protein from individual amino acids

transport work

pumping of a solute across a cellular membrane

mechanical work

movement of an object, ex. muscle contractiona

aerobic

processes involving oxygen a

anaerobic

processes (such as fermentation) that do not involve oxygen