kinetic particle theory (chap2) -olevel pure chem

what is the kinetic particle theory

the kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles and these particles are in constant random motion.

describe the arrangement of particles in a solid

• particles of a solid are very closely packed in an orderly manner.

• hence, they vibrate about their fixed positions and have very low kinetic energy.

• the particles experience strong attractive forces, so a lot of energy is needed to break up the regular arrangement

• hence, a solid has a definite volume shape

describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid

• particles are closely packed in a disorderly manner

• there are less strong attractive forces between particles

• particles slide past one another in freely

• hence, they have no definite shape but a definite shape

describe the arrangement of particles in a gas

• particles are very far apart in a disorderly manner

• they have very weak attractive forces

• and the particles can move quickly and randomly, in any direction

• hence, it has no definite shape and volume

describe how the movement and arrangement of particles change when a substance is melting

• particles are very closely packed together in an orderly manner manner and can only vibrate about their fixed positions

• as the substances gains heat, heat energy is converted to kinetic energy of the particles

• the particles vibrate faster about their fixed positions

• the particles eventually overcome the strong forces of attraction in the solid state at its melting point and the orderly arrangement of the particles is disrupted

• the particles then are able to slide past one another freely and are now closely packed in a disorderly manner, and the substance has converted from the solid to liquid state

describe how the movement and arrangement of particles change when a substance is freezing

• as the substance loses heat, kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy, which is transferred to the surroundings

• with less kinetic energy, the particles slow down

• the particles with less energy are drawn closer together by the strong forces of attraction between them

• the particle arrangement becomes more orderly and the substances converts from the liquid state to the solid state

describe the movement and change in arrangement of particles when a substance is evaporating

• as the substance gains heat, thermal energy is converted to kinetic energy of the particles

• particles gain speed and kinetic energy and slide past each other faster

• particles with increased energy can overcome the forces of attraction in the liquid state

• the particles move further apart, quickly and randomly

• the substance has converted from the liquid to gaseous state and the particles now move quickly and randomly in all directions

describe the movement and arrangement of particles when a substance is melting

• as the substance loses heat, kinetic energy of the substance is converted to thermal energy which is transferred to the surroundings

• with less kinetic energy, the particles slow down

• the particles with less energy are drawn closer by the forces of attraction between them.

• the arrangement of the particles becomes less disorderly and particles can slide past each other freely as the state of the substances changes from gas to liquid as it condenses

what is the opposite of sublimation

vapour deposition

what are some conditions that affect the rate of diffusion

• temperature - particles have more kinetic energy at higher temperatures

• particle mass - particles with a greater mass will require more kinetic energy to move at a given speed