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STEM
Site where leaves and reproductive shoots get attached
SUPPORT
Function of stem; offer physical support for the leaves
CONDUCTION
Function of stem; stem contain vascular tissue
GROWTH
Function of stem; cell division and elongation
STORAGE
Function of stem; Modified to store food and water
Asparagus officinalis
Scientific name of asparagus
Brassica oleracea var. italica
Scientific name of broccoli
Solanum Tuberosum
Scientific name of potato
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Scientific name of cauliflower
SHOOT
young stem with leaves
TWIG
Young stem in winter stage (no leaves)
BRANCH
1 yr old stem with lateral stems radiating from it
TRUNK
Woody plant’s main stem
HERBACEOUS STEMS
thin, soft, and green in color except those that grow underground.
WOODY STEM
taller, thicker, and harder than herbaceous
BUD
Stem’s primary growing point
TERMINAL BUD
single bud found at the apex of the stem
BUD SCALES
Protect lateral and terminal bud
TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCARS
marks left on the stem from the previous years which serve as external measure of annual growth
LATERAL BUDS/ AXILLARY BUDS
buds that occur in the leaf axils on the side of a stem
LEAF SCAR
buds that occur in the leaf axils on the side of a stem
PETIOLE
stalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf
LENTICEL
pores that allow for gas exchange
NODE
segment of stem where leaves and lateral buds are attached. (Above or below ground)
INTERNODE
section of a stem between two nodes.
BUNDLE SCAR
used in the identification of the woody plants and it is a mark left in the leaf scar from the vascular tissue attachment.
PRIMARY GROWTH
Increase length of the stem
SECONDARY GROWTH
Increases thickness of the stem
PRIMORDIUM
Developing leaves that can be seen in the apex (terminal bud) of the stem
PHELLODERM
inside the cork cambium
PHELLEM
outside the cork cambium
SUBERIN
excreted by the cork cambium for protection
ANNUAL PLANTS
Plants that complete their entire life cycle from germination to death within one year; doesnt have secondary growth
PERENNIAL PLANTS
Plants that live for multiple years; has secondary growth
STELE
aka vascular cylinder; composed of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith
PROTOTSTELE
simplest form of stele; solid core of conducting tissues in which the phloem usually surrounds the xylem.
SIPHONOSTELES
tubular with pith in the center
EUSTELES
Primary xylem and primary phloem are in discreet vascular bundles
SCLERENCHYMA
Hypodermis of a monocot stem is made up of?
COLLENCHYMA
Hypodermis of a dicot stem is made up of?
Scattered VBA
Vascular Bundle Arrangement of Monocot Stem
Broken Ring VBA
Vascular Bundle Arrangement of Dicot Stem
SPRINGWOOD
Xylem produced by the vascular cambium during the spring
SUMMERWOOD
Xylem with smaller/fewer vessel elements
ANNUAL RINGS
Indicates the age of the tree and the climate
ANNUAL RING
One year growth of xylem
VASCULAR RAYS
lighter streaks seen on transverse or cross section of tree trunk
TYLOSIS
older darker wood at the center. No longer conducts materials. It helps strengthen the tree. not of much use to the tree
SAPWOOD
still functioning. xylem closest to the cambium.
SOFTWOOD
no fibers or vessel elements; only tracheids. softer and pines and cone-bearing trees
HARDWOOD
wood of woody dicots
BARK
all tissues outside the vascular cambium, including the phloem
INNER BARK
consist of primary and secondary phloem
OUTER BARK
consist of cork tissue and cork cambium
LACTIFIERS
Form an extensive brached networks of latex secreting
LATEX
Thick fluid that consists of gums, protein, sugars, oils, salts, as well as enzymes; aids in closing wounds
RHIZOMES
underground stem that is capable of producing new shoots and roots
Zingiber officinale
Scientific name of Ginger
Bombasa vuigons
Scientific name of Bamboo
Runners
have long internodes; stems that run across the soil surface
Fragara x ananassa
Scientific name of Strawberry
STOLONGS
produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions but usually not horizontally
TENDRILS
Modified to wrap around and cling for support
CORMS
below-ground, compressed, swollen vertical stems; Store food,2Papery covering
CLADOPHYLLS
Flattened leaf like stems that store water
PHYLLOCLADES
Flattened leaves that can continue growing indeterminately
TUBERS
Comprised of many parenchyma cells that contain amyloplasts with starch
BULBS
Underground; consists of basal plate, growing points, and fleshy scales
TUNICATE BULBS
bulbs with papery outer covering; protection from digging and drying out
NONTUNICATE/ SCALY BULBS
no paper outing; susceptible to damage and drying
BULBLETS
small or secondary bulb that forms in the angle between a leaf and stem
THORNS
Sharp pointed modified stems
SPINES
Sharp pointed modified leaves or stipule (twigs); helps reduce water loss
PRICKLES
sharp outgrowth from the epidermis or bar; both of which originate from the epidermis, are neither thorns nor spines.
Eryngium aquaticum spp.
Scientific name of Button snakeroot
Button Snakeroot
Inserted chewed stem in nostrils to arrest epistaxis
Cinnamomum camphora
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF CAMPHOR
CAMPHOR
Oil from leaves and wood used in COLD remedies and liniments
Rhamnnus purshiana
Scientific name of Cascara
Cascara
used as laxative
Uncaria tomentosa
Scientific name of Cat’s Claw
Cat’s Claw
Root bark extract used in intestinal problems like crohn’s disease; inhibits platelet clotting
HIRSUTIN COMPONENT
Lowers blood pressure
Prunus serotina
Scientific name of Wild Cherry
WILD CHERRY
used for coughs and colds
Magnolia officinalis/quinquepeta
Scientific name of Chines magnolia
Chinese Magnolia
used for nasal stuffiness & discharge; drain sinuses, alleviate asthma and sinus headache
Eucommia ulmoides
Scientific name of Chinese rubber tree
Chinese rubber tree
Improves circulation and reduces high bp
Potentilla erecta
Scientific name of Cinquefoil
Cinquefoil
used in controlling diaarhea
Gossypium hirsutum/barbadense
Scientific name of Cottom
Cotton
induces abortion
Ephedra nevadensis or Ephedra sinica
Scientific name of Ephedra
Ephedrine
used in nasal congestion and low bp; aka Ma-huang
Betula pendula
Scientific name of European Birch
European Birch
used for kidney stones and UTI
Foeniculum vulgare
Scientific name of Fennel
Fennel
used as appetite suppressant and eyewash
Convallaria majalis
Scientific name of Lilly of the Valley