BotLec Module 4: Stems

STEM

Site where leaves and reproductive shoots get attached

SUPPORT

Function of stem; offer physical support for the leaves

CONDUCTION

Function of stem; stem contain vascular tissue

GROWTH

Function of stem; cell division and elongation

STORAGE

Function of stem; Modified to store food and water

Asparagus officinalis

Scientific name of asparagus

Brassica oleracea var. italica

Scientific name of broccoli

Solanum Tuberosum

Scientific name of potato

Brassica oleracea var. botrytis

Scientific name of cauliflower

SHOOT

young stem with leaves

TWIG

Young stem in winter stage (no leaves)

BRANCH

1 yr old stem with lateral stems radiating from it

TRUNK

Woody plant’s main stem

HERBACEOUS STEMS

thin, soft, and green in color except those that grow underground.

WOODY STEM

taller, thicker, and harder than herbaceous

BUD

Stem’s primary growing point

TERMINAL BUD

single bud found at the apex of the stem

BUD SCALES

Protect lateral and terminal bud

TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCARS

marks left on the stem from the previous years which serve as external measure of annual growth

LATERAL BUDS/ AXILLARY BUDS

buds that occur in the leaf axils on the side of a stem

LEAF SCAR

buds that occur in the leaf axils on the side of a stem

PETIOLE

stalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf

LENTICEL

pores that allow for gas exchange

NODE

segment of stem where leaves and lateral buds are attached. (Above or below ground)

INTERNODE

section of a stem between two nodes.

BUNDLE SCAR

used in the identification of the woody plants and it is a mark left in the leaf scar from the vascular tissue attachment.

PRIMARY GROWTH

Increase length of the stem

SECONDARY GROWTH

Increases thickness of the stem

PRIMORDIUM

Developing leaves that can be seen in the apex (terminal bud) of the stem

PHELLODERM

inside the cork cambium

PHELLEM

outside the cork cambium

SUBERIN

excreted by the cork cambium for protection

ANNUAL PLANTS

Plants that complete their entire life cycle from germination to death within one year; doesnt have secondary growth

PERENNIAL PLANTS

Plants that live for multiple years; has secondary growth

STELE

aka vascular cylinder; composed of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith

PROTOTSTELE

simplest form of stele; solid core of conducting tissues in which the phloem usually surrounds the xylem.

SIPHONOSTELES

tubular with pith in the center

EUSTELES

Primary xylem and primary phloem are in discreet vascular bundles

SCLERENCHYMA

Hypodermis of a monocot stem is made up of?

COLLENCHYMA

Hypodermis of a dicot stem is made up of?

Scattered VBA

Vascular Bundle Arrangement of Monocot Stem

Broken Ring VBA

Vascular Bundle Arrangement of Dicot Stem

SPRINGWOOD

Xylem produced by the vascular cambium during the spring

SUMMERWOOD

Xylem with smaller/fewer vessel elements

ANNUAL RINGS

Indicates the age of the tree and the climate

ANNUAL RING

One year growth of xylem

VASCULAR RAYS

lighter streaks seen on transverse or cross section of tree trunk

TYLOSIS

older darker wood at the center. No longer conducts materials. It helps strengthen the tree. not of much use to the tree

SAPWOOD

still functioning. xylem closest to the cambium.

SOFTWOOD

no fibers or vessel elements; only tracheids. softer and pines and cone-bearing trees

HARDWOOD

wood of woody dicots

BARK

all tissues outside the vascular cambium, including the phloem

INNER BARK

 consist of primary and secondary phloem

OUTER BARK

consist of cork tissue and cork cambium

LACTIFIERS

Form an extensive brached networks of latex secreting

LATEX

Thick fluid that consists of gums, protein, sugars, oils, salts, as well as enzymes; aids in closing wounds

RHIZOMES

underground stem that is capable of producing new shoots and roots

Zingiber officinale

Scientific name of Ginger

Bombasa vuigons

Scientific name of Bamboo

Runners

have long internodes; stems that run across the soil surface

Fragara x ananassa

Scientific name of Strawberry

STOLONGS

produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions but usually not horizontally

TENDRILS

Modified to wrap around and cling for support

CORMS

below-ground, compressed, swollen vertical stems; Store food,2Papery covering

CLADOPHYLLS

Flattened leaf like stems that store water

PHYLLOCLADES

Flattened leaves that can continue growing indeterminately

TUBERS

Comprised of many parenchyma cells that contain amyloplasts with starch

BULBS

Underground; consists of basal plate, growing points, and fleshy scales

TUNICATE BULBS

bulbs with papery outer covering; protection from digging and drying out

NONTUNICATE/ SCALY BULBS

no paper outing; susceptible to damage and drying

BULBLETS

small or secondary bulb that forms in the angle between a leaf and stem

THORNS

Sharp pointed modified stems

SPINES

Sharp pointed modified leaves or stipule (twigs); helps reduce water loss

PRICKLES

sharp outgrowth from the epidermis or bar; both of which originate from the epidermis, are neither thorns nor spines.

Eryngium aquaticum spp.

Scientific name of Button snakeroot

Button Snakeroot

Inserted chewed stem in nostrils to arrest epistaxis

Cinnamomum camphora

SCIENTIFIC NAME OF CAMPHOR

CAMPHOR

Oil from leaves and wood used in COLD remedies and liniments

Rhamnnus purshiana

Scientific name of Cascara

Cascara

used as laxative

Uncaria tomentosa

Scientific name of Cat’s Claw

Cat’s Claw

Root bark extract used in intestinal problems like crohn’s disease; inhibits platelet clotting

HIRSUTIN COMPONENT

Lowers blood pressure

Prunus serotina

Scientific name of Wild Cherry

WILD CHERRY

used for coughs and colds

Magnolia officinalis/quinquepeta

Scientific name of Chines magnolia

Chinese Magnolia

used for nasal stuffiness & discharge; drain sinuses, alleviate asthma and sinus headache

Eucommia ulmoides

Scientific name of Chinese rubber tree

Chinese rubber tree

Improves circulation and reduces high bp

Potentilla erecta

Scientific name of Cinquefoil

Cinquefoil

used in controlling diaarhea

Gossypium hirsutum/barbadense

Scientific name of Cottom

Cotton

induces abortion

Ephedra nevadensis or Ephedra sinica

Scientific name of Ephedra

Ephedrine

used in nasal congestion and low bp; aka Ma-huang

Betula pendula

Scientific name of European Birch

European Birch

used for kidney stones and UTI

Foeniculum vulgare

Scientific name of Fennel

Fennel

used as appetite suppressant and eyewash

Convallaria majalis

Scientific name of Lilly of the Valley