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What are the gonads?
Secrete sex hormones
Produce gametes
Are the male testes and female ovaries
Are dormant until puberty
The male homologue to the labia majora is the
Scrotum
When is puberty initiated?
When a region of the brain begins secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone
What is located in the anterior pituitary gland?
Primary target cells for GnRH
What is a diploid?
A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
How many chromosomes are in a gamete?
23
What results in four daughter cells that are haploid?
When the process of meiosis
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces genetically identical to parent cell
Meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from parent cell
What is crossing over? Where does it occur?
Double-stranded, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material
Meiosis
What does a replicated chromosome consist of?
Sister chromatids
What occurs prior to meiosis?
Interphase
When is a tetrad formed?
When homologous replicated chromosomes to pair up during meiosis
What is a reduction division?
The daughter cell receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had
What is pulled apart in anaphase II?
Sister chromatids
What process results in daughter cells that are haploid and contain replicated chromosomes?
Meiosis 1
What does a mature follicle contain?
Secondary oocyte
What does the corpus luteum form from?
From the remnants of the follicle following ovulation
What is arrested in prophase I throughout childhood?
Primary oocytes
When is the volume of the antrum the largest?
Mature follicle
When does ovulation occur?
When an oocyte is released from a ruptured mature follicle
What do ovaries contain in a female infant?
Primary oocytes within primordial follicles
What is arrested in metaphase II?
Secondary oocyte
How many secondary oocytes develop from each primary oocyte?
1
What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal
What does the peak in a secretion of LH induce?
Ovulation
What phase occurs on days 15-28?
Luteal
What is the infundibulum?
Lateral margin of the uterine tube which bears the fimbriae
What encloses the ovary at the time of ovulation?
Fimbriae
What happens at the ampulla of the uterine tube?
Normal site of fertilization
What are the functions of the uterine?
Passageway for sperm
Muscle contraction for labor and delivery
Site of implantation
Protection and support of developing embryo
What is the endometrium?
The portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer
What is the opening of the cervix into the vagina called?
External os
What is the myometrium of the uterus composed of?
Smooth muscle
What is the vagina?
Serves as the birth canal
What happens during menstruation with the functional layer of the endometrium?
Sloughs off
What coincides with the luteal phase of the uterine cycle?
Secretory phase
What are the phases of the uterine cycle?
Menstrual
Proliferative
Secretory
What phase is constant in length for the menstrual cycle?
secretory
What levels are the highest during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
Progesterone levels
What is oxytocin crucial for?
Milk ejection
What regulates the temperature of the testes?
Dartos and cremaster
What is produced in the seminiferous tubules?
Sperm
What secretes testosterone?
Interstitial cells in the testes
What is spermatogenesis?
Process takes place in walls of seminiferous tubules
Process includes two meiotic divisions
Final stage is spermiogenesis
Mature spermatozoa are haploid
What does the head contain in the part of a spermatozoon?
Nuclear material
What are the stages during spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
Spermatozoon
What contains enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte?
Acrosome cap
How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte?
4
What stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone in men?
LH
How does comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce...
More gametes that are smaller in size
What is stored in the epididymis until they are fully mature?
spermatozoa
What is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis?
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ampulla
Ejaculatory duct
Uretha
What does the prostate gland encircle?
The urethra
What does the seminal vesicle secrete?
A fluid containing fructose
What does seminal fluid contain?
Prostaglandin
Citric acid
Mucous
seminalplasmin
What do bulbourethral glands produce?
A clear, viscous mucin to serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
What is semen composed of?
Seminal fluid and sperm
What is an erection of the penis caused by?
Blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins
What nervous system facilitates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of nitric oxide?
parasympathetic
What determines an individual's phenotypic sex?
The appearance of the external genitalia
What does reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone do?
Allow changes to occur in a woman's body at menopause
What changes are associated with aging in males?
Erectile dysfunction
Impotence
Decreased testosterone levels
Prostate enlargement
What secretes anti-mullerian hormone?
Sustentacular cells
When is the embryonic period?
Third through eighth weeks of development
What period ends when the blastocyst implants in the uterus?
The blastocyst implants in the uterus
What occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube? What does it restore?
Fertilization
The diploid number of chromosomes
What gamete remains viable for a longer time after it enters the female reproductive tract?
sperm
When does the oocyte release chemotaxic signals to attract sperm to its location?
After ovulation
What is the order of structures through which the sperm penetrates filtration?
Corona radiata,
zona pellucida,
oocyte plasma membrane
What involves a series of mitotic divisions and has no change in the overall size of the conceptus?
Mitotic
When does cleavage occur?
The pre embryonic period
When is the conceptus known as morula?
At the 16 cell stage
What is implantation?
Process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium
What is the syncytiotrophoblast?
Outer layer of the trophoblast that burrows into the lining of the uterus
What is human chronic gonadotropin?
Hormone that signals that fertilization and implantation have taken place
What is secreted from cells of the syncytiotrophoblast?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
What is the yolk sac?
An important site for early blood cell formation and is the first of the extraembryonic membranes to form
What arises from the functional layer of the uterus?
Maternal portion of the placenta
What is chorionic villi?
Fingerlike structures of the placenta that form from its fetal portion
What results in the formation of an embryo?
Gastrulation
What is the endoderm?
The primary germ layer that takes the place of the hypoblast
What is neurulation?
The development of the nervous system
What are teratogens the most damaging to organ systems if exposure to them occurs?
When the organ systems are undergoing peak development in the embryo
When is the increase in weight of the conceptus largest?
The last two months of pregnancy
What happens in the first trimester?
The embryo becomes a fetus
What trimester is months 4-6?
Second trimester
What inhibits FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development during pregnancy?
Estrogen and progesterone from the placenta during pregnancy
What leads to stronger nails and fuller hair in pregnant women?
The high levels of estrogen and progesterone
What is brought about by secretion of progesterone during pregnancy?
Growth of the functional layer and prevention of menstruation
What happens during pregnancy with a woman's areolae and nipples?
They become darker under the influence of melanocyte stimulating hormone from the placenta
What is secreted from anterior pituitary gland and its levels increase tenfold during pregnancy?
Prolactin
When is morning sickness most common?
First trimester
What is the hormonal and neural change during pregnancy function to facilitate diffusion of gases across the placenta?
Increasing respiration rate
Lowering CO2 levels in the blood
What does estrogen stimulate increase in the late stages of pregnancy?
Production of oxytocin receptors in the uterus
What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?
Contractions that occur during false labor
What are prostaglandins and what do they do to the cervix?
Fatty acids
Dilate