BSU Bio 228 Exam 5

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96 Terms

1
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What are the gonads?

Secrete sex hormones
Produce gametes
Are the male testes and female ovaries
Are dormant until puberty

2
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The male homologue to the labia majora is the

Scrotum

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When is puberty initiated?

When a region of the brain begins secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone

4
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What is located in the anterior pituitary gland?

Primary target cells for GnRH

5
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What is a diploid?

A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes

6
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How many chromosomes are in a gamete?

23

7
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What results in four daughter cells that are haploid?

When the process of meiosis

8
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What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces genetically identical to parent cell
Meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from parent cell

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What is crossing over? Where does it occur?

Double-stranded, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material
Meiosis

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What does a replicated chromosome consist of?

Sister chromatids

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What occurs prior to meiosis?

Interphase

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When is a tetrad formed?

When homologous replicated chromosomes to pair up during meiosis

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What is a reduction division?

The daughter cell receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had

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What is pulled apart in anaphase II?

Sister chromatids

15
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What process results in daughter cells that are haploid and contain replicated chromosomes?

Meiosis 1

16
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What does a mature follicle contain?

Secondary oocyte

17
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What does the corpus luteum form from?

From the remnants of the follicle following ovulation

18
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What is arrested in prophase I throughout childhood?

Primary oocytes

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When is the volume of the antrum the largest?

Mature follicle

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When does ovulation occur?

When an oocyte is released from a ruptured mature follicle

21
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What do ovaries contain in a female infant?

Primary oocytes within primordial follicles

22
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What is arrested in metaphase II?

Secondary oocyte

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How many secondary oocytes develop from each primary oocyte?

1

24
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What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal

25
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What does the peak in a secretion of LH induce?

Ovulation

26
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What phase occurs on days 15-28?

Luteal

27
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What is the infundibulum?

Lateral margin of the uterine tube which bears the fimbriae

28
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What encloses the ovary at the time of ovulation?

Fimbriae

29
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What happens at the ampulla of the uterine tube?

Normal site of fertilization

30
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What are the functions of the uterine?

Passageway for sperm
Muscle contraction for labor and delivery
Site of implantation
Protection and support of developing embryo

31
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What is the endometrium?

The portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer

32
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What is the opening of the cervix into the vagina called?

External os

33
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What is the myometrium of the uterus composed of?

Smooth muscle

34
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What is the vagina?

Serves as the birth canal

35
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What happens during menstruation with the functional layer of the endometrium?

Sloughs off

36
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What coincides with the luteal phase of the uterine cycle?

Secretory phase

37
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What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

Menstrual
Proliferative
Secretory

38
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What phase is constant in length for the menstrual cycle?

secretory

39
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What levels are the highest during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

Progesterone levels

40
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What is oxytocin crucial for?

Milk ejection

41
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What regulates the temperature of the testes?

Dartos and cremaster

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What is produced in the seminiferous tubules?

Sperm

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What secretes testosterone?

Interstitial cells in the testes

44
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What is spermatogenesis?

Process takes place in walls of seminiferous tubules
Process includes two meiotic divisions
Final stage is spermiogenesis
Mature spermatozoa are haploid

45
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What does the head contain in the part of a spermatozoon?

Nuclear material

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What are the stages during spermatogenesis?

Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
Spermatozoon

47
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What contains enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte?

Acrosome cap

48
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How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte?

4

49
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What stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone in men?

LH

50
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How does comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce...

More gametes that are smaller in size

51
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What is stored in the epididymis until they are fully mature?

spermatozoa

52
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What is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis?

Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ampulla
Ejaculatory duct
Uretha

53
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What does the prostate gland encircle?

The urethra

54
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What does the seminal vesicle secrete?

A fluid containing fructose

55
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What does seminal fluid contain?

Prostaglandin
Citric acid
Mucous
seminalplasmin

56
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What do bulbourethral glands produce?

A clear, viscous mucin to serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

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What is semen composed of?

Seminal fluid and sperm

58
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What is an erection of the penis caused by?

Blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins

59
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What nervous system facilitates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of nitric oxide?

parasympathetic

60
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What determines an individual's phenotypic sex?

The appearance of the external genitalia

61
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What does reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone do?

Allow changes to occur in a woman's body at menopause

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What changes are associated with aging in males?

Erectile dysfunction
Impotence
Decreased testosterone levels
Prostate enlargement

63
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What secretes anti-mullerian hormone?

Sustentacular cells

64
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When is the embryonic period?

Third through eighth weeks of development

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What period ends when the blastocyst implants in the uterus?

The blastocyst implants in the uterus

66
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What occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube? What does it restore?

Fertilization
The diploid number of chromosomes

67
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What gamete remains viable for a longer time after it enters the female reproductive tract?

sperm

68
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When does the oocyte release chemotaxic signals to attract sperm to its location?

After ovulation

69
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What is the order of structures through which the sperm penetrates filtration?

Corona radiata,
zona pellucida,
oocyte plasma membrane

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What involves a series of mitotic divisions and has no change in the overall size of the conceptus?

Mitotic

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When does cleavage occur?

The pre embryonic period

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When is the conceptus known as morula?

At the 16 cell stage

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What is implantation?

Process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium

74
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What is the syncytiotrophoblast?

Outer layer of the trophoblast that burrows into the lining of the uterus

75
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What is human chronic gonadotropin?

Hormone that signals that fertilization and implantation have taken place

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What is secreted from cells of the syncytiotrophoblast?

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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What is the yolk sac?

An important site for early blood cell formation and is the first of the extraembryonic membranes to form

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What arises from the functional layer of the uterus?

Maternal portion of the placenta

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What is chorionic villi?

Fingerlike structures of the placenta that form from its fetal portion

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What results in the formation of an embryo?

Gastrulation

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What is the endoderm?

The primary germ layer that takes the place of the hypoblast

82
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What is neurulation?

The development of the nervous system

83
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What are teratogens the most damaging to organ systems if exposure to them occurs?

When the organ systems are undergoing peak development in the embryo

84
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When is the increase in weight of the conceptus largest?

The last two months of pregnancy

85
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What happens in the first trimester?

The embryo becomes a fetus

86
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What trimester is months 4-6?

Second trimester

87
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What inhibits FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development during pregnancy?

Estrogen and progesterone from the placenta during pregnancy

88
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What leads to stronger nails and fuller hair in pregnant women?

The high levels of estrogen and progesterone

89
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What is brought about by secretion of progesterone during pregnancy?

Growth of the functional layer and prevention of menstruation

90
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What happens during pregnancy with a woman's areolae and nipples?

They become darker under the influence of melanocyte stimulating hormone from the placenta

91
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What is secreted from anterior pituitary gland and its levels increase tenfold during pregnancy?

Prolactin

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When is morning sickness most common?

First trimester

93
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What is the hormonal and neural change during pregnancy function to facilitate diffusion of gases across the placenta?

Increasing respiration rate
Lowering CO2 levels in the blood

94
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What does estrogen stimulate increase in the late stages of pregnancy?

Production of oxytocin receptors in the uterus

95
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What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?

Contractions that occur during false labor

96
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What are prostaglandins and what do they do to the cervix?

Fatty acids
Dilate