Studied by 9 people
Spatial analysis
the process of examining location-based data to gain knowledge or answer questions. It involves collecting, displaying, and manipulating geodata
Absolute/ relative location
Absolute location - exact coordinates. Relative location - “The starbucks near the ice cream shop”
types of regions
Formal (uniform) - a official region, recognized by governments (e.g. a nation)
Perceptual (vernacular) - a region defined by people’s perceptions of it (e.g. the midwest)
Functional (nodal) - a region defined by an activity taking place surrounding it. (e.g. a bus stop)
types of diffusion
Hierarchical - Spread of ideas down from authority to the people.
Stimulus - the diffusion of ideas which are altered to fit the culture that it diffuses to better.
Contagious - idea that diffuses rapidly and is available to nearly everyone, viral internet spreading.
Expansion - the spread of an idea to another culture
Relocation - the spread of an idea to another culture by leaving the hearth behind and moving physically.
Maladaptive - a trait or trend spreading to a culture that it is harmful to or does not fit.
types of thematic maps
isoline - data that is the same connected by a line
choropleth - data categorized on a map by colors
cartogram - expands or shrinks areas on a map to fit data
graduated symbol - expands or shrinks a symbol on different areas to fit data
dot density - the denser the dots, more prominent an item being made into data is prominent in that region
types of projections
conic - the globe from the top, good for mapping primarily east - west regions, not for north - south regions
robinson - large rounded rectangle, even distortion on all characteristics, used in classrooms
peters - distorts shape but maintains size
mercator - distorts size but is good for navigation because longitude and latitude are accurate
scale/ scale of analysis
scale - actual size of something (km/ mi)
scale of analysis - level at which you are analyzing data on a map (regional/ national)
ecumene
habitable area of the earth
globalization
spread of ideas across the globe
most used energy types
fossil fuels, particularly natural gas, petroleum, and coal
China’s energy resources
coal, hydropower, solar power, wind power, nuclear power, and natural gas
OPEC embargo
The 1973 OPEC embargo was a period when Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cut oil production and banned exports to countries that supported Israel during the Arab-Israeli War:
desertification
Desertification is the process by which dry areas become increasingly arid, losing their water, vegetation, and productive soil.
Carrying capacity
amount of organisms that a ecosystem can support
Where are most agricultural lands?
The majority of agricultural lands are located in South Asia and Europe, leaders being the US, India, China, and Russia.
Most urbanized areas
The most urbanized areas in the world are in North and South America, while the least urbanized are in Africa and Asia
agricultural/ physiological density etc.
agricultural - farmers / arable land
physiological - people / arable land
arithmetic - people / total land
Areas with high natural increase
LDC’s, sub - Saharan Africa, Latin America
Developed/ less developed areas
LDC’s - Africa, Latin America, some of Asia.
MDC’s - North America, Europe, some of Asia.
DTM
- high births, high deaths low NRI
- high births, lowering deaths, high NRI
- lowering births, lowering deaths, mid NRI
- low births, low deaths, low NRI
- very low births, low deaths, negative NRI (theorized)
Epidemiological Model
1 - pestilence and famine, infection is primary cause of death
2 - receding pandemics, less infection death
3 - degenerative and human created diseases, cancers, and heart diseases are leading causes of death
4 - delayed degenerative and human created diseases, same death causes as stage 3, but they are semi treatable
Pronatalist/ Anti Natalist Policy
policies that encourage or discourage higher births
Population Pyramids/ Dependancy Ratio
pyramids demonstrating females to males in all age groups
amount of people under 15 or above 65
Shrinking vs. Growing Populations
shrinking populations are in MDC’s, growing populations are in LDC’s
Distribution vs. Density
"distribution" refers to the spatial pattern of where people live across a given area, while "density" indicates the number of people living in a specific unit of that area.
guest workers
workers who are only in a country temporarily to work
Migration and communism (examples etc.)
migration out of east Germany was prohibited by the soviet union, because people tend to migrate out of communist countries.
interregional migration ex.
e.g. The migration of people from the North to the South in the 60s and 70s. Due to the decline of the economy in the Rust Belt
Carl Sauer/ landscape
cultural landscape, the imprint humans leave on their environments.
pop vs. folk culture
pop culture - mass produced, trends, global
folk culture - specific to a culture, cultural
Toponyms
names of places
Balkanization
the process of a country or region breaking up into smaller, often hostile, units.
Reasons/ examples of migrations
ESPN - Economic, Social, Political, eNvironmental
Segregation in the US
The practice of separating POC from white people through laws, policies, and social practices following the civil war.
Kurds
Ethnic group that got divided into several nations, making them minorities in all these countries, leading to their oppression.
conflict India/ Pakistan
India, primarily Hindu, Pakistan primarily Muslim. They have had multiple ethnic disputes over this since their division.
Africa conflict
Most conflicts in Africa surround ethnic groups that don’t get along being put in the same nation by European nations as they stopped their colonization of Africa.
Ethnic groups in US
Primarily white, African American and Asian American. African Americans and Hispanics center in urban areas, often in specific neighborhoods.
Apartheid
segregation in South Africa
Taboos
Things considered wrong or sinful to a particular culture.
Cultural Traits, Realms etc.
Traits - individual elements that make up a culture, like language, religion, cuisine, dress, or customs
-mentifacts: ideas, beliefs, and values
-artifacts: Physical objects created by a culture
-sociofacts: social institutions and norms
Realms - a large geographical region where a dominant cultural pattern prevails
Plessy vs. Ferguson
a landmark 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws.
Yugoslavia and ethnic issues
Ethnic groups clash, pushing other groups out of countries and ethnically cleansing them after the downfall of Yugoslavia.
