APHG - semester 1

Spatial analysis

the process of examining location-based data to gain knowledge or answer questions. It involves collecting, displaying, and manipulating geodata

Absolute/ relative location

Absolute location - exact coordinates. Relative location - “The starbucks near the ice cream shop”

types of regions

Formal (uniform) - a official region, recognized by governments (e.g. a nation)

Perceptual (vernacular) - a region defined by people’s perceptions of it (e.g. the midwest)

Functional (nodal) - a region defined by an activity taking place surrounding it. (e.g. a bus stop)

types of diffusion

Hierarchical - Spread of ideas down from authority to the people.

Stimulus - the diffusion of ideas which are altered to fit the culture that it diffuses to better.

Contagious - idea that diffuses rapidly and is available to nearly everyone, viral internet spreading.

Expansion - the spread of an idea to another culture

Relocation - the spread of an idea to another culture by leaving the hearth behind and moving physically.

Maladaptive - a trait or trend spreading to a culture that it is harmful to or does not fit.

types of thematic maps

isoline - data that is the same connected by a line

choropleth - data categorized on a map by colors

cartogram - expands or shrinks areas on a map to fit data

graduated symbol - expands or shrinks a symbol on different areas to fit data

dot density - the denser the dots, more prominent an item being made into data is prominent in that region

types of projections

conic - the globe from the top, good for mapping primarily east - west regions, not for north - south regions

robinson - large rounded rectangle, even distortion on all characteristics, used in classrooms

peters - distorts shape but maintains size

mercator - distorts size but is good for navigation because longitude and latitude are accurate

scale/ scale of analysis

scale - actual size of something (km/ mi)

scale of analysis - level at which you are analyzing data on a map (regional/ national)

ecumene

habitable area of the earth

globalization

spread of ideas across the globe

most used energy types

fossil fuels, particularly natural gas, petroleum, and coal

China’s energy resources

coal, hydropower, solar power, wind power, nuclear power, and natural gas

OPEC embargo

The 1973 OPEC embargo was a period when Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cut oil production and banned exports to countries that supported Israel during the Arab-Israeli War: 

desertification

Desertification is the process by which dry areas become increasingly arid, losing their water, vegetation, and productive soil.

Carrying capacity

amount of organisms that a ecosystem can support

Where are most agricultural lands?

The majority of agricultural lands are located in South Asia and Europe, leaders being the US, India, China, and Russia.

Most urbanized areas

The most urbanized areas in the world are in North and South America, while the least urbanized are in Africa and Asia

agricultural/ physiological density etc.

agricultural - farmers / arable land

physiological - people / arable land

arithmetic - people / total land

Areas with high natural increase

LDC’s, sub - Saharan Africa, Latin America

Developed/ less developed areas

LDC’s - Africa, Latin America, some of Asia.

MDC’s - North America, Europe, some of Asia.

DTM

1. - high births, high deaths low NRI

2. - high births, lowering deaths, high NRI

3. - lowering births, lowering deaths, mid NRI

4. - low births, low deaths, low NRI

5. - very low births, low deaths, negative NRI (theorized)

Epidemiological Model

1 - pestilence and famine, infection is primary cause of death

2 - receding pandemics, less infection death

3 - degenerative and human created diseases, cancers, and heart diseases are leading causes of death

4 - delayed degenerative and human created diseases, same death causes as stage 3, but they are semi treatable

Pronatalist/ Anti Natalist Policy

policies that encourage or discourage higher births

Population Pyramids/ Dependancy Ratio 

pyramids demonstrating females to males in all age groups

amount of people under 15 or above 65

Shrinking vs. Growing Populations

shrinking populations are in MDC’s, growing populations are in LDC’s

Distribution vs. Density

"distribution" refers to the spatial pattern of where people live across a given area, while "density" indicates the number of people living in a specific unit of that area.

guest workers

workers who are only in a country temporarily to work

Migration and communism (examples etc.)

migration out of east Germany was prohibited by the soviet union, because people tend to migrate out of communist countries.

interregional migration ex.

e.g. The migration of people from the North to the South in the 60s and 70s. Due to the decline of the economy in the Rust Belt

Carl Sauer/ landscape

cultural landscape, the imprint humans leave on their environments.

pop vs. folk culture

pop culture - mass produced, trends, global

folk culture - specific to a culture, cultural

Toponyms

names of places

Balkanization

the process of a country or region breaking up into smaller, often hostile, units.

Reasons/ examples of migrations

ESPN - Economic, Social, Political, eNvironmental

Segregation in the US

The practice of separating POC from white people through laws, policies, and social practices following the civil war.

Kurds

Ethnic group that got divided into several nations, making them minorities in all these countries, leading to their oppression.

conflict India/ Pakistan

India, primarily Hindu, Pakistan primarily Muslim. They have had multiple ethnic disputes over this since their division.

Africa conflict

Most conflicts in Africa surround ethnic groups that don’t get along being put in the same nation by European nations as they stopped their colonization of Africa.

Ethnic groups in US 

Primarily white, African American and Asian American. African Americans and Hispanics center in urban areas, often in specific neighborhoods.

Apartheid

segregation in South Africa

Taboos

Things considered wrong or sinful to a particular culture.

Cultural Traits, Realms etc.

Traits - individual elements that make up a culture, like language, religion, cuisine, dress, or customs

-mentifacts: ideas, beliefs, and values 

-artifacts: Physical objects created by a culture 

-sociofacts: social institutions and norms

Realms - a large geographical region where a dominant cultural pattern prevails

Plessy vs. Ferguson

a landmark 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws.

Yugoslavia and ethnic issues

Ethnic groups clash, pushing other groups out of countries and ethnically cleansing them after the downfall of Yugoslavia.