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Electrostatics
Study of electric charges at rest.
Proton
Positively charged particle in an atom.
Electron
Negatively charged particle in an atom.
Neutron
Neutral particle in an atom.
Static Electricity
Charge imbalance on objects due to electron transfer.
Insulator
Material that does not allow charge flow.
Conductor
Material that allows charge flow easily.
Electric Field
Region around charged object affecting other charges.
Field Lines
Visual representation of electric field strength and direction.
Current
Movement of electrons through a conductor.
Conventional Current
Flow of current from positive to negative.
Electric Current
Actual flow of electrons from negative to positive.
Power Source
Device providing energy to drive current.
Circuit Diagram
Visual representation of electrical components and connections.
Charge (C)
Measured in Coulombs, represents electric charge.
Current (A)
Measured in Amperes, rate of charge flow.
Time (s)
Measured in seconds, duration of current flow.
Milliamps (mA)
Unit for small currents, 1 A = 1000 mA.
Ammeter
Device used to measure electric current.
Potential Difference (P.D.)
Force pushing electrons through a circuit.
Volts (V)
Unit of potential difference or voltage.
Voltmeter
Device used to measure potential difference.
Energy Transferred
Work done by charges in a circuit component.
Charge Flow Calculation
Charge = current x time formula.
Electric Field Speed
Electric field created close to speed of light.
Charge Flow Example
1.68 C charge from 14 mA over 120 s.
Electrical Working
Energy transferred equals potential difference times charge.
Potential Difference (P.D.)
Voltage across components in a circuit.
Series Circuit
Single loop with identical current throughout.
Ammeter
Device used to measure current in a circuit.
Voltmeter
Measures potential difference across circuit components.
Parallel Circuit
Multiple loops allowing independent current flow.
Current Conservation
Currents in parallel add to total current.
Resistance
Opposition to current flow, measured in Ohms (Ω).
Ohm's Law
Current is directly proportional to voltage at constant temperature.
Resistance Calculation
Resistance equals potential difference divided by current.
Variable Resistor
Allows user to adjust resistance in a circuit.
Characteristic Graph
Plots current against potential difference for components.
Linear Circuit Element
Resistance remains constant with varying potential difference.
Non-linear Circuit Element
Resistance changes with varying potential difference.
Diode
Component allowing current flow in one direction only.
LED
Light Emitting Diode; emits light when current flows.
Mains Voltage
Standard voltage supplied to homes, typically 230V.
Alternating Voltage Frequency
Mains electricity operates at 50Hz frequency.
Current (I) Symbol
Represents electric current in equations.
Resistance Change Factors
Resistance varies with temperature and material properties.
Current Measurement
Measured in Amperes (A) using an ammeter.
Voltage Measurement
Measured in Volts (V) using a voltmeter.
Power Transmission
Electricity delivered to homes via national grid.
Electrical Energy Formula
Energy (J) equals voltage (V) times charge (C).
Resistor Function
Limits current flow in electrical circuits.
Temperature Effect on Resistance
Higher temperatures increase resistance in conductors.
Circuit Loop Independence
In parallel circuits, loops operate independently.
Live Wire
Brown wire that carries current to appliance.
Neutral Wire
Blue wire that completes the circuit.
Ground Wire
Green and yellow wire for safety connection.
Complete Circuit
Path for current to flow through appliance.
Safety Feature
Prevents electric shock and equipment damage.
Double Insulation
No Earth pin needed for safety.
Net Resistance
Total resistance across all circuit components.
Series Circuit
Current is equal throughout the circuit.
Parallel Circuit
Potential difference is equal across each loop.
Potential Difference (P.D)
Energy transferred per unit charge.
Ohm's Law
V = I x R, relates voltage, current, resistance.
Power (P)
Energy transferred per second, measured in watts.
Kilowatt (kW)
Unit of power equal to 1000 watts.
Megawatt (MW)
Unit of power equal to 1,000,000 watts.
Power Formula
P = V x I, relates power, voltage, current.
Resistance and Temperature
Higher temperature increases resistance in wires.
Resistance vs Length
Longer wires have higher resistance.
Resistance vs Area
Thicker wires have lower resistance.
Charge (Q)
Q = I x t, relates charge, current, time.
Energy (E)
E = Q x V, relates energy, charge, voltage.
Resistors in Series
Total resistance is R1 + R2.
Resistors in Parallel
Total resistance is half for equal resistors.
Current at Junction
Total current in equals total current out.
Current Definition
Rate of flow of electric charge.
Voltage Definition
Energy transferred per unit of charge.
Current Squared Formula
P = I² x R, relates power, current, resistance.
V = I x R
Formula for calculating potential difference.