Psychology 10,11& 12 Study Guide b

Biopsychosocial Model

Biopsychosocial Model

How stress effects / how to cope

• Helps understand the interplay of health

• Every person is different with coping , understanding how people respond to stress

Biology

• physical health

• Genetic Vulnerabilities

• Drug Effects

Social

• peers

• Family circumstances

• Family relationships

• No good social support

Psychological

• physical health

• Coping skills

• Social skills

• Family relationships

• Self esteem

• Mental health

• How you cope with that stress

What is stress

A type of response that typically involves and unpleasant state

Uncertainty

Lack of control

Concerns other will evaluate or treat us negatively

1. Situations with levels of uncertainties

2. How much control we have over that situation

3. Social concern , other evaluate or treat vs negatively, social base ( NOT UNIVERSAL)

Distress

Involves negative events ; lost loved one , stuck in traffic , passing exam

Eustress

Positive event, marriage , preparing for college , new job

Major life events : Dailey hassle , Major , castrophic

• 40% might get divorced

• Stimulus - 1960,viwed as significant life events

• Dailey hassle - Monday- day to day events

• Major - personalized

• Catastrophic events: wars,tornadoes

Daily Hassles

Mundane strains and annoyances associated with routine activities in everyday life

• daily stressors , minor occur more frequently

• Routinely paying bills , long hour , kids

YERKES-DODSON LAW

( Boredom of Apathy) - low/ less likely to pay attention

(Optimal level )- key amount ,moderate levels of stress , performs best

( High anxiety) - overworked , high anxiety levels , perform worst

Occupational Stress: Job burnout

Job Burnout: a general sense of emotional exhaustion and cynicism in relations to ones job

• exhaustion

• Depersonalization

• Diminished personal accomplishment

• Compassion fatigue

High effort / Low reward

High effort : constant time pressure , lot of responsibility , pressure to work overtime

Low Reward: job security , promotion prospects , unforced job change

General Adaptation Syndrome:

Alarm,Resistance,Exhaustion

Alarm phase : the body mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system to meet an immediate threat.( fight or flight, infections ,illness)

Resistance Phase : The body attempts to resist or cope with a stressor that cannot be avoided.

Exhaustion Phase: Persistent stress depletes the body of energy , thereby increasing vulnerability to physical problems and illness.

Stress Appraisal Theory ( Richard Lazarus)

Environment- stimuli stressors

Perception filter (selection )

Person :

Primary Appraisal : Your interpretation of the stressors : positive, dangerous , irrelevant

Secondary Appraisal: analysis of the available resources ; insufficient resources , sufficient resources

Stress:

Coping: overcoming stress;

problem focused- change situation itself

emotion focused - change relation to the situation

Reappraisal- pacing and learning , ongoing constant evaluating stressor

Sam Axis

A Nerodoctrine stress response system

• pupils dilate

• Heart rate increase

• Digestion slows down

• Muscle tense

• Respiration quickness

• Perspiration begins

HPA Axis

Central nervous system and the endocrine system adjusting the balance of the hormones in response to stress, hypothalamus stimulating the pituitary gland releases hormones in response to stress.

Challenge reactivity

Heart rate increase

Blood vessel expand

Enhanced performance

Threat reactivity

Heart rate increases

Blood vessels constrict

Inhibited performance

How women and men respond to stress ?

Both release oxytocin

Men: testosterone , inhibits release of oxytocin , fight or flight

Women: estrogen , regulates effects of oxytocin , tend and befriend , protect

Effects of Stress ?

Allostatic Loaded : the sustained activation of many physiological system in response to frequent or chronic stressors

Ex; someone who experienced repeated exposure to stressful life events

Psychoneuroimmunology

• stress disrupts the communication between the brain and the body which weakens the immune system

Stress causes damage at the cellular level ?

• effects on telomeres

• Antigens= five, bacteria, cancer cells

• Chemical - Brian - immune system , how to respond

The effects of chronic stress on the immune system ?

Cortisol suppresses the immune system effectiveness

• reduces white blood cell count

• Lack of control over inflammation response

• CRH increases inflammation but cortisol is no longer Anti inflammatory

• Difficult for the body to recover form illness

• CRH released

• Cortisol- inflammation , can’t keep body safe from infection

According to Stress Appraisal Theory, which type of appraisal is more likely to result in a positive response to stress? 

Challenge Appraisal

- alarm

- resistance

-exhaustion

Alarm-stress hormones and adrenaline start to increase

Resistance -irritability, frustration, and concentration issues appear

Exhaustion -depression, fatigue, and anxiety attacks may occur

Realistic vs Unrealistic Optimism

Realistic Optimism: ability to balance out negative and positive things in situations, circumstance and people, more likely to take care of themselves.

Unrealistic optimism : good things will just happen, there is nothing to worry about everything will be great ,they predict a personal future outcome will be more favorable than the suggest relevant objective standards.

Different types of Genes x environment interactions

• Diathesis- Stress Model : stress environment

• Differential Sensitivities: more likely to be affected positive by a warm environment

• Hypothesis:

• Epigenetic’s: Based on what you go through and you dealt with it , adds to dna stress response influence child stress response

Problem vs emotional focused coping

P: attempting to manage or alter the stressor

Ex; alter the stress, test coming up, breaking down how well you studied

E: attempting to reduce the negative emotions associated with the stress

Ex;how you respond emotionally to an event , alters how you deal with that event managing emotional respond … self blaming , drugs , yoga , prayer

Piaget Theory of cognitive development:

Sensorimotor:0-2, understands the world through touch , movement , listening , sucking on things , looking

Preoperational : 2-7 , children learn to use language and are able to represent, symbolize and think about their environment

Formal Operational: 11,being able to manipulate the world in your Mind, formulate hypothesis and test them to arrive at an answer to a problem , scientific reasoning

Concrete Operational:7-11, a child is cable of performing a variety of mental operations and thoughts using concrete concepts , logical thinking

Theory of Mind

• The ability to understand another’s mental state

• Develop around age4

• How children understand their perspectives vs other perspectives

• Sally Anne ; removing toy out of the box experiment

False Belief Task

A type of task in which children must infer that another person does not posses knowledge that they possess..

SALLY ANNE ; removing toy out of box , seeing if the other person realizes it

Challenges to Piaget

1. Children should assume that the spaces has more but the children chose the shorter one when properly motivated with candy versus marbles

• 3 yr old chose the row with more candy even though it was shorter

Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation is used for ?

• kid cries when mom leaves and left with caregiver , kid does not cry when mom leaves

• push - pull

• Observe attachment in children ( secure , anxious ,avoidant )

Different Attachment Styles

Secure : cries when caregiver leaves, comforted by caregivers return , comfortable in unknown situation

Avoidant : may cry when care giver leaves, avoids caregiver upon return

Ambivalent : cries when caregiver leaves , shows push- pull behavior when caregiver returns

Romanian orphanages taught us about neglect :

• poor living conditions , no intellectual stimulation , schedule of being fed and bathed but apart from that were in cribs all day

• If attachments do not form the consequences will be severe

• Deprivation have long term effect on social , cognitive and intellectual development

• No interactions

• Brain develops

Vygotskys approach to learning

• parents scaffold or support child as they to do things by themselves .

Parenting styles

1. Authoritative - high warmth , moderate control - moderate

2. Authoritarian - low warmth , high control -really bad

3. Permissive - high warm , low control - mean girl parents , wanna be BFF low income

4. Uninvolved - low warmth , low control - very indifferent to children’s needs and wants

Marital satisfaction changes with age :

Parents may decrease well being and marital satisfaction - marriage , life stimulation , kids

Psychodynamic approach ( Freud )

Id: pleasure principle , a basic level of personality everything pleasure avoided painful

superego : seat of moral conscious, right vs Wrong

Ego: reality principle , trying to satisfy both pleasure while making sure all rational thoughts , problem solving, compensate

Defense mechanisms:

• Displacement : shift interiors of emotions from 1 object to another . Dad yelling at child for be in upset at work but puts it on the child

• Projection : projecting qualities or insecurities onto someone else . Closeted homophobe or something

• Repression : can take any type of trauma and push it down into your unconciousness , least supported

• Denial : Refusing to admit the source of your anxiety , denial

Trait Theory

Cardinal : dominant trait , direct a person step and stable across all situations

Central : general dispositions , everyone has it , how you normally reason to a typical situation , typical behavior

Secondary : relevant in certain contexts , only show up in certain instances , situations , presenting information of a class.

Trait Theory

Shapes how a person interprets the world and can lead people to behave in a similar ways across different situations.

Functionally equivalent situations

Cue a similar response that cue a similar response form a person .

Looks exactly the same but different behaviors , allows you to be an introvert

Lexical hypothesis

Reflected in the language used to describe ours or others personality traits

identifying central traits

Openness to experience : down to earth , try new things ,

Conscientiousness: disorganized , weak, organized, self disciplines

Extroversion : quiet solitudes , trusting , helpful

Agreeableness , trusting, helpful ,suspicious ,

Neuroticism: calm , emotionally put together , self satisfied ,worried , insecure , pity party

Behavioral inhibiton System

Psychological mechanisms that control how people act

Behavioral Approach system

Motivational system that is part of the reinforcement sensitivity theory , goal - striving approach to rewards

Measuring personality

Self reports : popular , measure or test that asks an individual about their own behaviors , attitudes beliefs or symptoms

Projective tests: personality test that involves responding to ambiguous images words , or scenes

Rorschach inkblot Test: a person is asked to tell what he or she sees in and thinks about ink blots of varying designs and colors. The weird butterfly picture

Themeatic apperception test :uses pictures to help asses a persons personality , describing ambigious scenes to learn more about a person emotions motivation and personality.

Informant reports : family members reports on others, used to avoid biases from relying solely on self reports

Behavior tests : acessing personality , determine how well a person is doing in her everyday life and whether they exhibit specific problem behaviors .room=warm or cold , neat freak , messy

Agreeableness and Conscientiousness

Get older they both increase

Neuroticism and extroversion (vitality )

Least agreement , go down , dominance

Self- concept

Understanding of who you think you are

Cocktail party effect

If you are in a crowded area , but when someone yells your name you hear it in that old room .

Working self - concept

The immediate experience of the sealed , traits stand out

Self esteem

The evaluations of one’s characteristic

Global self esteem

Overall self esteem

Domain specific self esteem

Self esteem regarding a specific area

Reflected appraisal

Self esteem is base on how other views you , someone important ignores or calls you stupid which decreases your self esteem

Self serving biases

Characteristics ways of processing information to maintain a positive attitude towards the self

Self serving attributions

All positive to self , neg to outsiders of self

A over average effect

Not attainable

Idiosyncratic trait

Getting away with murder , murder = being smarter,

Overestimating our contributions

Overestimate your contributions vs how much you actually are contributing

The dark triad

Negative personality traits

Narcissism , psychopathy , cohesion over people

The light triad

• All things positive

Humanism - valuing dignity and worth of each individual

Kantiianism - treating people as ends up unto themselves, not mere means

Faith in humanity - believing in the fundamental goodness of humans

High self esteem

Can be secure or fragile , view things positively

High fragile

Disturbed , constantly seeking validation , linked to violence and narcissism