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Prokaryote
-has a plasma mebrame -cytoplasm and ribosomes -no compartments -smaller than Eukaryotes -e.g single celled organisms
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles -bigger than prokariotes -in all animals plants humans etc.
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
-fluids surrounding cells -Interstitital and plasma -high in sodium(NA+) and chloride(CL-) -low in potassium K+
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
-fluid inside cells -cytosol -high in potassium(k+) -low in sodium(Na+) and chloride(Cl-)
plasma membrane (cell membrane)
-seperates ICF and ECF -can let substances in and out of the cell -consists of a bilayer of phospholipis -Has Cholesterol and Proteins -not ridgid but rather fluid
Phospholipids
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Transporter proteins
-Channels and carries -Channels connect ECF and ICF can open and close -Carriers can open only to one side and then to the other
Anchor proteins
-anchor cell to other cells or help maintain cell shape
Receptor proteins
-bind specific molecules and can alter intracellular actiivity -e.g Hormones attach to Receptors
Enzymes
-Proteins that catalize up chemical reactions -e.g used in ATp synthase
Nucleus
-contains DNA(Made up of Nucleobases) -the place were mRNA is transcribed
mRNA
-A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
Protein Sythesis
-process by which proteins are made -starts in the Nucleus -mRNA attaches to Ribosomes,which produce the protein
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-Production siteof proteins and lipids -divided into rough ER and smooth ER
Rough ER
-ER that is dotted with ribosomes -proteins are sythesized here
Smooth ER
-ER that has no ribosomes -"packs" newly sythesized proteins -Transport vericels bud off and encapsulate the protein
Transport vesicles
-a small fluid filled membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell
Golgi complex
-transport vesicles carry proteins here to be further processed -processes proteins into their final form -Some proteins are sent to other cells and some remain in th cell
"In-House" proteins
-surface protein molecules -can onl go to specific places
Exocytosis
-a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
"Outgoing"proteins
-storage until releasd outside of the cell -carried by "secretory vesicles"
Secretory vesicles
-Vesicles containing proteins that migrate to the plasma membrane of a cell and discharge their contents from the cell by exocytosis
Lysosomes
-an organelle containing digestive enzymes -"digestive system" -breaks down organic molecules that are brought in through "Endocytosis"
Endocytosis
-process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Hydrolytic Process
-process in which water is used to break down organic molecules
Peroxisomes
-produce and decompose hydrogen peroxide H2o2 -used for Detoxification
Mitochondria
-ATP is produced here -ADP is transformed into ATP -Phosphor is added again, through differentt processes
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
-one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy -when engergy is release Adenosine disposhate stays behind
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
-low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP
Glycolysis
-proccess of breaking down glucose -creates ATP
Citric acid cycle
-Completes the braekdown of glucose -used to produce ATP -sldo knowm as "Krebs Cycle"
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
-uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP -produces a lot of ATP
composition of cytosol
Fluid portion of cytoplasm containing raw materials like sugars, amino acids, and enzymes.
functions of cytosol
-Regulates intermediary metabolism, -hosts free ribosomes for protein synthesis -storage space for fats, glycogens, and secretory vesicles.
Cytoskeleton
-Network of Proteins that keep the cell in shape -3 different elements
Microtubules
-Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure -"Highways"
Microfilaments
-Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell -Used for the contractile system(everything that contracts)
intermediate filaments
-threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments -give structural integrity