Cells

Prokaryote

Prokaryote

-has a plasma mebrame -cytoplasm and ribosomes -no compartments -smaller than Eukaryotes -e.g single celled organisms

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles -bigger than prokariotes -in all animals plants humans etc.

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

-fluids surrounding cells -Interstitital and plasma -high in sodium(NA+) and chloride(CL-) -low in potassium K+

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

-fluid inside cells -cytosol -high in potassium(k+) -low in sodium(Na+) and chloride(Cl-)

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

-seperates ICF and ECF -can let substances in and out of the cell -consists of a bilayer of phospholipis -Has Cholesterol and Proteins -not ridgid but rather fluid

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

Transporter proteins

-Channels and carries -Channels connect ECF and ICF can open and close -Carriers can open only to one side and then to the other

Anchor proteins

-anchor cell to other cells or help maintain cell shape

Receptor proteins

-bind specific molecules and can alter intracellular actiivity -e.g Hormones attach to Receptors

Enzymes

-Proteins that catalize up chemical reactions -e.g used in ATp synthase

Nucleus

-contains DNA(Made up of Nucleobases) -the place were mRNA is transcribed

mRNA

-A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

Protein Sythesis

-process by which proteins are made -starts in the Nucleus -mRNA attaches to Ribosomes,which produce the protein

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

-Production siteof proteins and lipids -divided into rough ER and smooth ER

Rough ER

-ER that is dotted with ribosomes -proteins are sythesized here

Smooth ER

-ER that has no ribosomes -"packs" newly sythesized proteins -Transport vericels bud off and encapsulate the protein

Transport vesicles

-a small fluid filled membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

Golgi complex

-transport vesicles carry proteins here to be further processed -processes proteins into their final form -Some proteins are sent to other cells and some remain in th cell

"In-House" proteins

-surface protein molecules -can onl go to specific places

Exocytosis

-a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

"Outgoing"proteins

-storage until releasd outside of the cell -carried by "secretory vesicles"

Secretory vesicles

-Vesicles containing proteins that migrate to the plasma membrane of a cell and discharge their contents from the cell by exocytosis

Lysosomes

-an organelle containing digestive enzymes -"digestive system" -breaks down organic molecules that are brought in through "Endocytosis"

Endocytosis

-process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Hydrolytic Process

-process in which water is used to break down organic molecules

Peroxisomes

-produce and decompose hydrogen peroxide H2o2 -used for Detoxification

Mitochondria

-ATP is produced here -ADP is transformed into ATP -Phosphor is added again, through differentt processes

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

-one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy -when engergy is release Adenosine disposhate stays behind

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

-low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP

Glycolysis

-proccess of breaking down glucose -creates ATP

Citric acid cycle

-Completes the braekdown of glucose -used to produce ATP -sldo knowm as "Krebs Cycle"

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

-uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP -produces a lot of ATP

composition of cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm containing raw materials like sugars, amino acids, and enzymes.

functions of cytosol

-Regulates intermediary metabolism, -hosts free ribosomes for protein synthesis -storage space for fats, glycogens, and secretory vesicles.

Cytoskeleton

-Network of Proteins that keep the cell in shape -3 different elements

Microtubules

-Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure -"Highways"

Microfilaments

-Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell -Used for the contractile system(everything that contracts)

intermediate filaments

-threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments -give structural integrity