reproduction

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explain whole process of spermatogenesis

  • Occurs inside seminiferous tubules.

Step 1: Spermatogonia (Stem Cells)

  • Found at basement membrane (outer edge of tubule).

  • Diploid (2n = 46 chromosomes).

  • At puberty → begin dividing by mitosis:

    • Type A daughter cells → stay at basement membrane to keep germ line going.

    • Type B daughter cells → move toward lumen → become primary spermatocytes (diploid).

Step 2: Primary Spermatocytes

  • Undergo Meiosis I → form two secondary spermatocytes.

  • Each secondary spermatocyte = haploid (n = 23 chromosomes).

Step 3: Secondary Spermatocytes

  • Quickly enter Meiosis II → produce spermatids.

  • Each secondary spermatocyte → 2 spermatids.

  • End result: 4 spermatids from 1 spermatogonium.

Step 4: Spermatids

  • Haploid round cells located near lumen.

  • Not yet mature sperm → must undergo spermiogenesis (maturation process).

  • During spermiogenesis:

    • Spermatids elongate.

    • Form tail (flagellum).

    • Cytoplasm is reduced.

    • Develop acrosome (cap with enzymes to penetrate egg)

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state male accessory sex glands

  • seminal vesicles

  • prostate gland

  • bulbourethral glands

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explain ovarian cycle

  1. follicular development phase

- FSH + LH stimulate development of several primordial follicles

structure of Primordial Follicle= primary oocyte surrounded by one layer of squamous follicular cells.

Primordial follicles develop into primary follicles

• Directed by primary oocyte to become primary follicle

• Primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells

• Forms zona pellucida (glycoprotein-rich layer) between

granulosa cells and primary oocyte

• Stromal cells begin to form theca folliculi

Primary follicles develop into secondary follicles

• Theca differentiates into theca interna secreting estrogens

and theca externa

• Granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid, forming antrum

• Innermost layer of granulosa cells attaches to zona pellucida

forming corona radiata

Secondary follicles develop into graafian follicle. primary oocyte undergo meiosis I, producing a secondary oocyte and first polar body.

  1. ovulation

  • Secondary oocyte ejected from the ripened Graafian follicle.

  • Triggered by LH surge.

  1. luteal phase

  • Immediately after ovulation:

    • The ruptured follicle fills with blood → Corpus hemorrhagicum (temporary).

  • Formation of corpus luteum:

    • Granulosa cells + theca interna enlarge → form Corpus luteum 

    • Secretes progesterone + estrogen.

    • Function: prepares the endometrium for implantation and supports pregnancy.

  • If no pregnancy:

    • Corpus luteum degenerates in ~10 days.

    • Becomes a scar called Corpus albicans (white body).

  • If pregnancy occurs:

    • Corpus luteum persists for 2–3 months.

    • Maintained by hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) from embryo.

    • After 2–3 months, placenta takes over hormone production.

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