Serology Day 1

Edward Jenner

cross-immunity, smallpox vaccine

louis pasteur

attenuation of vaccine

• first live attenuated vaccine

rosalyn yallow

radioimmunoassay

Primary lymphoid organs

where lymphocytes are produced and/or differentiated

Bone Marrow and Thymus

parts of primary lymphoid organs

Bone Marrow

where B-cell maturation takes places

Thymus

where T-cell maturation takes place

Secondary lymphoid organ

Where main contact with foreign antigens take place

Spleen, Lymph node, MALT, CALT

parts of secondary lymphoid organs

Spleen

filter antigens in the bloodstream; targets secondary lymphoid organ

Lymph Nodes

filter fluid from the tissues

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissues

meaning of MALT

MALT

these are tonsils, appendix, peyer’s patches (ileum of small intestines)

peyer’s patches

ileum of small intestines

Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissues

meaning of CALT

Natural/Innate/non-specific and Acquired/adaptive/specific

2 branches of immunity

unbroken skin and mucous membranes

biological barriers

lactic acid

keeps down growth of microorganisms; keeps vagina at pH 5.0

fatty acids

from sebaceous glands, along with lactic acid from sweat, keeps skin at pH of 5.6 to keep microorganisms from growing

cilia

move pathogens out of the respiratory tract

stomach acid

low pH (due to HCL) keeps pathogens from growing

urine

flushes out pathogens from the body

Lysozymes

found in tears and saliva and attacks the cell wall of bacteria (especially gram positive)

microbiota or normal flora

compete with pathogens, produce antimicrobial peptides

mucus

found in the nose and ear wax

internal defense system

designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organisms

internal defense system

promotes inflammation and phagocytosis

Neutrophils or Polymorphonuclear (PMN)

responds to bacterial infection

• first responders to infection, phagocytosis

• 50-70% of circulating WBCs, also in tissues

• Myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme or muramidase, lactoferrin

Eosinophil

responds in the parasitic & helminthic infection and allergy

• neutralizes basophil and mast cells products

• 1 to 4 % circulating WBCs

• has MBP

• has EOSINOPHIL CATIONIC PROTEIN (ECP)

Major Basic Protein

arginine-rich protein that plays a major role in killing parasites

basophils

responds to hypersensitivity or allergic reactions

• <1% or circulating WBCs

• produce inflammatory mediators that induce and maintain allergic reactions

• HISTAMINE

• HEPARIN

histamine

contracts smooth muscle

HEPARIN

anticoagulant

mast cells

like basophils but in tissues

• are connective tissue of mesenchymal origin

• produce inflammatory mediators that induce and maintain allergic reactions

Monocytes

are 2 to 10% of circulating WBCs

• largest cells in the peripheral blood

• migrate to tissues to become MACROPHAGES (with specific names according to tissue location)

• microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, intracellular parasite eradication, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators, and antigen presentation

alveolar macrophages

monocytes in the lungs

kupffer cells

monocytes in the liver

microglial cells

monocytes in the brain

Hofbauer cells

monocytes in the plaacenta

histocytes

monocytes in the connective tissue

mesangial cells

monocytes in the kidney

osteoclasts

monocytes in the bone

Dendritic Cells

covered with long membranous extensions that make them resemble nerve cells dendrites

• most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue

• most effective antigen presenting cell (APC) in the body

langerhans cells

dendritic cells that can be found in the skin, mucous membranes

interstitial dendritic cells

dendritic cells found in the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract

Interdigitating dendritic cells

dendritic cells found in the T-lymphocyte areas of secondary lymphoid tissues and thymus

cellular

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells

complement, lysozyme, properdin, betalysin, interferon, tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, and other acute phase reactants sucas ahs CRP