Living Environment (Honors Biology) - Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Carbon Cycle

photosynthesis

building of glucose from light energy

autotrophic nutrition

the process in which an organism makes their own food

types of organisms that undergo photosynthesis

plants, algae, cyanobacteria

organic compounds

makes up living things, has H and C

uses for glucose

converted to polysaccharides or fatty acids, used for respiration, etc

gas produced during photosynthesis

oxygen (O₂)₆

sugar produced during photosynthesis

glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

provides the O₂ for animals

photosynthetic organisms through photosynthesis

fiber

the roughage in our diet, indigestible material

material cell walls are made of

cellulose

6CO₂ and 6H₂O

ingredients for photosynthesis

light energy

energy needed for photosynthesis

under the arrow in a chemical equation

yield enzymes

6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆

products of photosynthesis

stomata

where CO₂ enters and O₂ exits

soil, roots, xylem, veins

path water takes in a plant

pigments

absorb light

pigment directly involved in photosynthesis

chlorophyll a

chlorophyll a

blue-green pigment, absorbs red and blue best

chlorophyll b

yellow-green pigment, absorbs red and blue best

xanthophyll

yellow pigment, absorbs red, green, blue, and violet best

carotene

orange pigment, absorbs green, blue, and violet best

electromagnetic spectrum

range of all types of electromagnetic radiation

380 to 700 nm

when colors become visible

red-violet

longest to shortest light wavelength

uses for oxygen in plants

used for respiration, released by stomata.

factors that can affect photosynthesis

light intensity, carbon dioxide, water, temperature, wavelength (color) of light.

guard cell

has chloroplasts, closes the stomata in certain situations (hot/dry climate)

palisade mesophyll

has chloroplasts, where most photosynthesis happens. tightly packed

spongy mesophyll

has chloroplasts. loosely packed

leaf vein

moves materials through the leaf

diffusion

gases move in and out of stomata through this process

chloroplast

organelle in which photosynthesis occurs

granum

stack of thylakoids - “stack of oreos”

thylakoid

little discs - light reactions occur here

stroma

liquid in the chloroplast - where the calvin cycle happens

outer membrane

surrounds the chloroplast

photochemical/light reactions

1st step of photosynthesis - light is absorbed and water is split. H₂O in, O₂ out

calvin cycle

2nd step of photosynthesis - CO₂ in, sugar out

rubisco

enzyme that catalyzes first step in carbon fixation

goes from light reactions to calvin cycle

NADPH + ATP

goes from calvin cycle to light reactions

NADP⁺ and ADP + P

NADPH

provides high-energy electrons

NADP⁺

spent form of NADPH

cellular respiration

chemical energy is converted to useable energy

ATP

adenosine triphosphate - useable energy, full gas can

ADP

adenosine diphosphate - “spent” energy, empty gas can

ATP synthesis

forming of ATP from ADP + P

ATP hydrolysis

breaking up of ATP into ADP + P

the need for ATP

to power life processes

breaking down of organic molecules

supplies energy needed for ATP

energy is stored

bonds and electrons

aerobic cellular respiration

requires O₂ - more efficient

anaerobic cellular respiration

doesn’t require O₂ - less efficient

cells that aerobic respiration occurs in

all eukaryotic, some prokaryotic

reactants for aerobic respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

products of aerobic respiration

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36 ATP

amount of ATP made by aerobic respiration

36

where aerobic respiration occurs

cytoplasm and mitochondria

alcohol fermentation

produces ethanol as a byproduct, used for bread and alcoholic beverages.

where alcohol fermentation occurs

yeast cells

reactant for alcohol fermentation AND lactic acid fermentation

C₆H₁₂O₆

products for alcohol fermentation

2C₂H₆O (Ethanol) + 2CO₂ + 2 ATP

lactic acid fermentation

produces lactic acid as a byproduct, used for yogurt, sour cream, pickles, etc

where lactic acid fermentation occurs

muscle fibers, some types of bacteria

products for lactic acid fermentation

2C₃H₆O₃ (Lactic Acid) + 2 ATP

amount of ATP made by anaerobic respiration

2

amount of membranes in mitochondria and chloroplast

2

mitochondrial cristae

the folds in the mitochondria, increase surface area for more reactions to occur

source of energy for heterotrophs

food

energy uses

locomotion, metabolism, survival, reproduction, etc

lost energy

heat

energy from ATP

bonds are broken and electron energy is harvested

missing oxygen for aerobic organisms

death

bromothymol blue

a carbon dioxide indicator

geosphere

all of earth’s rocks

hydrosphere

all of earth’s water

atmosphere

the air portion of earth

biosphere

all life on earth

carbon cycle

earth’s natural recycling system for carbon

carbon stores

natural reservoirs where carbon is stored for long periods of time

carbon in the atmosphere

in the form of CO₂ - amount is increasing

vegetation

plants store carbon as carbs, made from atmospheric CO₂

soil

contains carbon in the form of dead plant/animal matter

fossil fuels

carbon is locked in fossil fuels, trapping it for years until it is burned

ocean surface

exchange of CO₂ between the ocean and the atmosphere

deep ocean

carbon can be trapped in currents for hundreds of years

sediments

sediments and rocks contain loads of carbon

photosynthesis in the carbon cycle

plants take carbon out of the atmosphere in the form of CO₂

respiration in the carbon cycle

animals release CO₂ into the atmosphere

decay/decomposition

decomposers break down dead plant/animal material. it releases carbon into the atmosphere.

combustion

burning of a carbon store, releasing LOADS of carbon (forest fires, etc)

burning fossil fuels

releases carbon stored in oil and natural gas for hundreds of years

rock formation

rocks store carbon, taking carbon out of the cycle

weathering and runoff

releases carbon stored in rocks

human impact on carbon cycle

adding carbon by burning fossil fuels

volcanic eruptions

releases carbon stored under earth’s crust into the atmosphere

where most carbon is stored in

rocks and sediments

carbon cycle circle

is not a perfect circle

Laws of Conservation of Mass

matter is not created nor destroyed