Basic structure of the human body

Chemical Level

Atoms and molecules; foundation of life

Cellular Level

Basic unit of life

Tissue Level

Groups of similar cells working together

Organ Level

Different tissues performing a specific function

Organ System level

Organs working together

Organism

Complete living being

CHNOPS

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Inorganic Molecules

Water and salts

organic Molecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Main energy source

Lipids

Energy storage and membranes

Proteins

Cellular machinery and enzymes

Nucleic Acids

DNA/RNA; genetic information

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded

Macromolecule

Large molecules (polymers)

Organelle

Functional structure inside a cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Processes and transports materials

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins/lipids

Integumentary

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation

Skeletal

Support, protection, movement

Muscular

Movement and heat production

Nervous

Control and communication

Endocrine

Hormone regulation

Cardiovascular

Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients

Lymphatic

Immunity and fluid return

Axial Region

Head, neck, trunk

Appendicular region

Arms and legs

dorsal cavity

Back side (brain & spinal cord)

ventral cavity

Front side

thoracic cavity

Chest area

pleural cavities

Contain lungs

pericardial cavity

Contains heart

mediastinum

Central thoracic space

abdominopelvic cavity

Lower trunk

Abdominal cavity

Digestive organs

pelvic cavity

Bladder, reproductive organs

RUQ

Right Upper Quadrant

LUQ

Left Upper Quadrant

RLQ

Right Lower Quadrant

LLQ

Left Lower Quadrant

Cephalic

head

cranial

skull

frontal

forehead

orbital/ocular

eyes

otic

ears

mitosis

Division into two identical cells

stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that can specialize

interphase

Growth and preparation stage

G1 phase

Cell growth

S phase

DNA replication

G2 Phase

error checking

Prophase

Chromosomes condense; nucleus dissolves

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in middle

Anaphase

Chromosomes line up in middle

Telophase

Two nuclei form

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm splits into two cells

Cleavage furrow

Membrane pinching in animal cells

Aneuploidy

Abnormal chromosome number

Trisomy 21

Down syndrome (extra chromosome 21)

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell divisionS

Sagittal

Left/right division

Oblique

angled cut

Frontal

front/back division

transverse

top/bottom division

Superior

toward head

inferior

toward feet

anterior

front

posterior

back

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to attachment

distal

farther from attachment

superficial

near surface

deep

away from surface