Transport Layer Protocols and Data Transmission Concepts in Networking

UDP

Connectionless transport

TCP

Connection-oriented reliable transport

Multiplexing

The process of combining multiple signals into one signal over a shared medium.

Demultiplexing

The process of separating a multiplexed signal back into its original components.

Reliable data transfer

Ensures that data is delivered accurately and in order.

TCP congestion control

A mechanism to control the amount of data entering the network to avoid congestion.

Flow control

A technique to manage the rate of data transmission between sender and receiver.

Transport layer

Provides logical transport services between application processes running on different hosts.

Transport protocols

Protocols that provide transport services, such as TCP and UDP.

Sender actions

Breaks application messages into segments and passes them to the network layer.

Receiver actions

Reassembles segments into messages and passes them to the application layer.

Household analogy

A metaphor comparing hosts to houses and processes to kids sending letters.

Hosts

Devices or nodes in a network that can send or receive data.

Processes

Applications or services running on hosts that communicate with each other.

Application messages

Data packets sent between processes, analogous to letters in envelopes.

Transport protocol

The method used to transfer application messages between processes.

Network-layer protocol

Protocol used for routing data across the network, analogous to the postal service.

Demux

Short for demultiplexing, the process of directing incoming data to the correct process.

Application-layer message

The original message sent by an application before being segmented.

Header fields

Information included in a segment that helps route and manage data.

Socket

An endpoint for sending or receiving data across a network.

IP

Internet Protocol, used for routing packets across networks.

Reliable delivery

A feature of TCP ensuring data is delivered in order without loss.

Unreliable delivery

A feature of UDP where data may arrive out of order or not at all.

Congestion control

Mechanism in TCP to prevent network congestion by controlling data flow.

Connection setup

The process in TCP to establish a connection before data transfer.

4-tuple

A unique identifier for a TCP socket consisting of source IP address, source port number, destination IP address, and destination port number.

DatagramSocket

A class used in Java for sending and receiving UDP packets.

Source port number

The port number used by the sender in a TCP/UDP segment.

Destination port number

The port number used by the receiver in a TCP/UDP segment.

IP address

A unique address that identifies a device on a network.

Application layer

The top layer of the Internet protocol suite where user applications operate.

Network layer

The layer that handles routing and forwarding of packets across the network.

Data link layer

The layer responsible for node-to-node data transfer and error detection.

Physical layer

The layer that deals with the physical connection between devices, including cables and signals.

HTTP server

A server that handles requests from clients using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

Client

A device or application that requests services or resources from a server.

Payload

The actual data carried within a segment or packet, excluding headers.

Delay guarantees

Assurances provided by some networks that data will be delivered within a certain time frame.

Bandwidth guarantees

Assurances provided by some networks regarding the minimum data transfer rate.