Between the fires

gross domestic product

The total value of goods produced and services provided in a country over the course of a single year

Great Depression

A decline in the world's economy that lasted from 1929 until 1939

authoritarian governments

A government that favors strict rules and absolute control of the state by one person and a small group of people

Dawes Plan

a 1924 plan to resolve the issue of World War 1 reparations that Germany had to pay

inflation

An increase in the supply of currency or credit in relation to the availability of goods and services

Weimar Republic

The German Government between 1919 and 1933

Hyperinflation

A period of rapid inflation that leaves a country's currency virtually worthless

Fascism

An ideology, movement, or attitude that stresses a dictatorial government, state control of private enterprise, extreme nationalism, and elimination of all opposition

Benito Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator from 1922- 1943

Labour Party

A left-or center political party formed to represent the interest of ordinary working people in Great Britain

Conservative Party

A political party promoting free enterprise and private ownership in Great Britain

coalition government

A government in which two or more parties join forces to rule

stock market crash

A sudden and steep decline of stock prices

Tariffs

A duty placed by the government on exported or imported goods

New Deal

A period of social and economic reforms in the 1930s intended to end the Great depression

Civilian Conservation Corps

A public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 by the United States for unemployed unmarried men during the Great Depression

totalitarian

A centralized government in which a single party without opposition rules a nation

New Economic Policy

An economic policy introduced by Vladimir Lenin that called for cooperation between various groups in Russian society

Five-Year Plan

An economic plan introduced by Joseph Stalin that eliminated private businesses, increased industrial production, and collectivized agriculture

Adolf Hitler

German dictator from 1934 to 1945

Nazi Party

The fascist German national Socialist Party

Beer Hall Putsch

Adolf Hitler's failed attempt to overthrow the German government in November of 1923 (also known as the Munich Putsch)

Mein Kampf

A book written by Adolf Hitler in which he describes his political ideas

Lebensraum

German for "living space" in areas of Poland, the Soviet Union, and other nations that Adolf Hitler claimed the German people needed

Scapegoat

A person or group of people who is made to take the blame for others and various problems

Second Republic

A democratic republic in Spain that began in 1931 and was toppled by the Spanish Civil War; the First republic lasted for one year starting in 1873

Spanish Civil War

A war in Spain between the Nationalist and Loyalists from 1936 to 1939

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death

military dictatorship

Someone whose total control over a country's affairs is made possible by personal control over the armed forces

Purges

To rid a nation or political party, for example, of people considered undesirable

Global Depression

The war's devastation, the collapse of empires, and the disruption of international finance and trade.

Economic Impact on the United States

Widespread unemployment, poverty, bank failures, and a sharp decline in industrial production and GDP.

Economic Impact on Europe

Mass unemployment and a sharp decline in industrial output.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian revolutionary whose main goals were to lead the Bolsheviks to power, end Russia's participation in World War I, and establish the world's first communist state.

Joseph Stalin

Dictator of the USSR whose goals were to transform the USSR into an industrial and military superpower through policies like the Five-Year Plans.

Hideki Tojo

Japanese dictator who rose to power through his military career and nationalist, militarist ideology, aiming to solidify the military's control over the government.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A 1928 international agreement that renounced war as an instrument of national policy, signed by 62 nations, but became largely ineffective due to lack of enforcement.

U.S. Response to the Great Depression

A two-phase approach: initially under President Hoover with a hands-off approach, followed by President Roosevelt's New Deal, which expanded government role in the economy.

Great Britain Response to the Great Depression

Initially adopting austerity measures, then leaving the gold standard in 1931, which devalued the pound and made exports cheaper.

Italy's Response to the Great Depression

A push for national self-sufficiency and state intervention under the Fascist government.

Germany's Response to the Great Depression

A series of ineffective austerity measures under the Weimar government.

Soviet Union's Response to the Great Depression

Launching the Five-Year Plans to rapidly industrialize and collectivize agriculture.