Chronic Kidney Disease Lecture Review

A set of flashcards to review key concepts, facts, and definitions related to Chronic Kidney Disease from the lecture notes.

What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

A condition where your kidneys gradually lose function over time.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To filter and excrete waste products.

What does GFR stand for, and why is it important?

Glomerular Filtration Rate; it's a test used to check how well the kidneys are working.

What are the two main causes of CKD?

Diabetes and hypertension.

What percentage of CKD cases are due to diabetes?

45%.

What percentage of North Americans over the age of 65 have some form of CKD?

25%.

What is albuminuria?

A pathological condition where the protein albumin is abnormally present in urine.

What does hematuria refer to?

The presence of red blood cells in urine.

What is the significance of a GFR < 15 ml/min?

It indicates kidney failure.

What is the prevalence of CKD worldwide as of 2017?

11.1%.

What are the stages of CKD based on GFR ranges?

Stage 1: >90 ml/min, Stage 2: 60-89 ml/min, Stage 3: 30-59 ml/min, Stage 4: 15-29 ml/min, Stage 5: <15 ml/min.

What role do ACE inhibitors play in the treatment of CKD?

They help to slow the rate of GFR decline.

What physiological changes occur in the kidneys due to diabetes?

Reduction in the number of nephrons and functional changes in surviving nephrons.

What is azotemia?

A build-up of nitrogenous waste in the blood (BUN and SrCr).

What is uremia?

A constellation of symptoms caused by retention of uremic toxins.

What are the cardinal changes in homeostasis during end-stage renal disease?

Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes, fluid and electrolyte disorders, acid-base disturbances, and endocrine abnormalities.