TAMU BIOL 112 Ch. 18

prezygotic barrier; when different species reproduce at different times/schedules

temporal isolation

prezygotic barrier; members of species move and become isolated

habitat isolation

prezygotic barrier; certain actions/behaviors impacts reproduction

behavioral isolation

postzygotic barrier; the zygote (offspring) produced cannot survive

hybrid inviability

postzygotic barrier; the hybrid/cross is infertile

hybrid sterility

postzygotic barrier; 2nd gen are feeble or sterile (almost fertile but not)

hybrid breakdown

The theory of evolution by natural selection was independently proposed by which two scientists?

Darwin and Wallace

As humans use more antibiotics to kill off bacteria, bacteria that are not resistant to antibiotics die off leaving a population of bacteria that are mostly resistant to antibiotics. This would be an example of which of the following?

Natural Selection

Which of the following would describe the barrier to gene flow that would happen because insects called cicadas emerge from out of the ground in different years?

Temporal Isolation

Which of the following is the BEST description of a species?

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce a fertile offspring

Which of the following things is considered the strongest piece of evidence to support evolutionary theory by most scientists?

DNA/protein sequence evidence

Birds and Insects are...

analogous convergence

speciation when one species radiates to form several other species

adaptive radiation

speciation that occurs via geographic separation

allopatric speciation

polyploidy formed between two related, but separate species

allopolyploid

condition of a cell having an extra chromosome or missing a chromosome for its species

aneuploidy

polyploidy formed within a single species

autopolyploid

type of reproductive isolation that occurs when a specific behavior or lack of one prevents reproduction from taking place

behavior isolation

process by which groups of organisms independently evolve to similar forms

convergent evolution

allopatric speciation that occurs when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area

dispersal

prezygotic barrier occurring when closely related individuals of different species mate, but differences in their gamete cells (eggs and sperm) prevent fertilization from taking place

gametic barrier

model that shows how species diverge gradually over time in small steps

gradual speciation model

reproductive isolation resulting when species' populations move or are moved to a new habitat, taking up residence in a place that no longer overlaps with the same species' other populations

habitat isolation

parallel structures in diverse organisms that have a common ancestor

homologous structures

reproduction of individuals with favorable genetic traits that survive environmental change because of those traits, leading to evolutionary change

natural selection

reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs after zygote formation

postzygotic barrier

reproductive isolation mechanism that occurs before zygote formation

prezygotic barrier

model for rapid speciation that can occur when an event causes a small portion of a population to be cut off from the rest of the population

punctuated equilibrium

continued speciation divergence between two related species due to low fitness of hybrids between them

reinforcement

situation that occurs when a species is reproductively independent from other species; behavior, location, or reproductive barriers may cause this to happen

reproductive isolation

forming of a new species

speciation

group of populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

species

speciation that occurs in the same geographic space

sympatric speciation

differences in breeding schedules that can act as a form of prezygotic barrier leading to reproductive isolation

temporal isolation

physical structure present in an organism but that has no apparent function and appears to be from a functional structure in a distant ancestor

vestigial structure

allopatric speciation that occurs when something in the environment separates organisms of the same species into separate groups

vicariance

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

a. mutation

b. natural selection

c. overbreeding

d. sexual reproduction

b

Which is most likely to survive, offspring with 2n+1 chromosomes or offspring with 2n-1 chromosomes?

2n+1

If two species eat a different diet but one of the food sources is eliminated and both species are forced to eat the same foods, what change in the hybrid zone is most likely to occur?

Fusion (because the 2 species will interact more and similar traits in food acquisition will be selected)

Which of the following statements is false? a. Punctuated equilibrium is most likely to occur in a small population that experiences a rapid change in its environment.b. Punctuated equilibrium is most likely to occur in a large population that lives in a stable climate.c. Gradual speciation is most likely to occur in species that live in a stable climate.d. Gradual speciation and punctuated equilibrium both result in the evolution of new species

b

a. Punctuated equilibrium is most likely to occur in a small population that experiences a rapid change in its environment.

b. Punctuated equilibrium is most likely to occur in a large population that lives in a stable climate.

c. Gradual speciation is most likely to occur in species that live in a stable climate.

d. Gradual speciation and punctuated equilibrium both result in the evolution of new species

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection?

a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other.

b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other.

c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner

d. all of the above

d

Which description is an example of a phenotype?

a. A certain duck has a blue beak.

b. A mutation occurred to a flower.

c. Most cheetahs live solitary lives.

d. both a and c

d

Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution?

a. Squid and humans have eyes similar in structure.

b. Worms and snakes both move without legs.

c. Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly.

d. all of the above

d

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

a. Flood causes the formation of a new lake.

b. A storm causes several large trees to fall down.

c. A mutation causes a new trait to develop.

d. An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source

a

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?

a. One leads to allopatric speciation, whereas the other leads to sympatric speciation.

b. One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment.

c. One depends on a genetic mutation occurring, and the other does not.

d. One involves closely related organisms, and the other involves only individuals of the same species.

b

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?

a. lower rate of mutation

b. longer distance between divided groups

c. increased instances of hybrid formation

d. equivalent numbers of individuals in each population

b

What is the main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid?

a. the number of chromosomes

b. the functionality of the chromosomes

c. the source of the extra chromosomes

d. the number of mutations in the extra chromosomes

c

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids?

a. when individuals of the same species in different geographical areas reproduce

b. when any two individuals sharing the same habitat reproduce

c. when members of closely related species reproduce

d. when offspring of the same parents reproduce

c

Which condition is the basis for a species to be reproductively isolated from other members?

a. It does not share its habitat with related species.

b. It does not exist out of a single habitat.

c. It does not exchange genetic information with other species.

d. It does not undergo evolutionary changes for a significant period of time.

c

Which situation is not an example of a prezygotic barrier?

a. Two species of turtles breed at different times of the year.

b. Two species of flowers attract different pollinators.

c. Two species of birds display different mating dances.

d. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

d

Which term is used to describe the continued divergence of species based on the low fitness of hybrid offspring?

a. reinforcement

b. fusion

c. stability

d. punctuated equilibrium

a

Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium?

a. a division of populations

b. a change in environmental conditions

c. ongoing gene flow among all individuals

d. a large number of mutations taking place at once

c

If a person scatters a handful of garden pea plant seeds in one area, how would natural selection work in this situation?

The plants that can best use the resources of the area will compete and produce more seeds and those traits will increase in the population

Why do scientists consider vestigial structures evidence for evolution?

because most structures do not exist in an organism without serving some function either in present or past

How does the scientific meaning of "theory" differ from the common vernacular meaning?

A scientific theory is a thoroughly tested set of explanations for a body of observations of nature, while people often use it to mean a guess or speculation.

Explain why the statement that a monkey is more evolved than a mouse is incorrect.

The statement implies that there is a goal to evolution and that the monkey represents greater progress to that goal than the mouse.

Why do island chains provide ideal conditions for adaptive radiation to occur?

because the species arrive together and slowly disperse through the chain of the island and then they can evolve and adapt to their new environment however different they may be

Two species of fish had recently undergone sympatric speciation. The males of each species had a different coloring through which the females could identify and choose a partner from her own species. After some time, pollution made the lake so cloudy that it was hard for females to distinguish colors. What might take place in this situation?

It is likely the two species would start to reproduce with each other. Depending on the viability of their offspring, they may fuse back into one species.

Why can polyploidy individuals lead to speciation fairly quickly?

The formation of gametes with new n numbers can occur in one generation. After a couple of generations, enough of these new hybrids can form to reproduce together as a new species.

What do both rate of speciation models have in common?

Both models continue to conform to the rules of natural selection, and the influences of gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation.

Describe a situation where hybrid reproduction would cause two species to fuse into one.

If the hybrid offspring are as fit or more fit than the parents

define evolution

change in organisms throughout earth's history

who developed scala naturae (ladder of nature)

Aristotle

who came up with binomial nomenclature?

Linnaeus

who came up with gradualism?

James Hutton

whos the father of geology?

Charels Lyell

what are the 2 main ideas covered in the origin of species?

decent with modification and natural selection

Which of these best reflects what

Darwin meant by adaptation?

a. Herons nesting near a runway become adapted to the sound of jets after a few weeks and no longer fly away when an airplane takes off.

b. Creosote bushes are adapted to growing in deserts because of their extensive root systems and thick, leathery leaves.

c. As winter approaches, beavers adapt to the cooler weather by growing thicker, fluffier fur.

d. The thick fur of bears is an adaptation to cold mountain climates.

e. Two of the above.

b and c

Charles Darwin's theory on the origin of species by means of natural selection was published

about

years ago.

a. 300 (in 1709)

b. 200 (in 1809)

c. 150 (in 1859)

d. 100 (in 1909)

e. 50 (in 1959)

c

Darwin's mechanism for producing evolution was based upon

a. individuals becoming more adept at survival during their lifetimes

b. new adaptations appearing regularly in the populations

c. existing variation among individuals

c

2 observations of Darwin

1. There is heritable variation among individuals.

2. Organisms produce far more offspring than can ever survive.

Which of the following is an inference made by Charles Darwin as part of his theory?

a. There is unequal reproductive success among individuals because of heritable traits.

b. There is heritable variation among individuals.

c. Organisms produce far more offspring than can ever survive.

a

Which of these is a vestigial structure?

a. hoof of a horse

b. wing on the flightless kiwi bird (vestigial means pointless)

c. fingernail on the human hand

b

Evolutionary convergence results in

a. two unrelated species having very similar structures.

b. two closely related species having very different structures.

c. homologous structures.

d. vestigial structures.

a

STUDY SOLVING

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1