Public Health Ch.1-6 Quizzes

Mold and cockroaches are believed to be related to the occurrence of asthma. Which of the following determinants of health best describes this situation

A) Behavior

B) Geography

C) Genetics

D) Environment

E) Socioeconomic

D) Environmental

Cigarette Smoking is a major cause of premature births. Which of the following determinants of health best describes this situation?

A) Behavior

B) Geography

C) Genetics

D) Environment

E) Socioeconomic

A) Behavior

Prior to the sale of a home, radon reduction is required if the home has a high level of radon emissions. Which of the following public health strategies best describes this approach

A) Reducing High Risk

B) Improving the average

C) Narrowing the spread

D) None of these is correct

A) Reducing high risk

1. Salt is gradually reduced in processed foods and in restaurant menus over the course of a decade. Which of the following public health strategies best describes this approach? 

   1. Reducing high risk 

   2. Improving the average

   3. Narrowing the spread 

   4. None of these is correct

B) Improving the average

1. Taxes on soft drinks containing sugar are raised in an effort to discourage consumption. Which of the following types of population health interventions best describes this approach?

   1. Healthcare system intervention

   2. Traditional public health intervention 

   3. Social policy intervention 

   4. None of these is correct 

C) Social policy interventions

1. Vaccinations are provided without cost sharing as part of health insurance. Which of the following types of population health intervention best describes this approach? 

   1. Healthcare system intervention 

   2. Traditional public health intervention 

   3. Social policy intervention 

   4. None of these is correct

A) Healthcare system intervention

1. Which of the following is currently considered a vulnerable population

   1. Pregnant women and children 

   2. Workers in high-risk professions 

   3. HIV-positive individuals 

   4. All of these are correct 

D) All of these are correct

1. Which of the following is currently considered a vulnerable population

   1. Pregnant women and children 

   2. Workers in high-risk professions 

   3. HIV-positive individuals 

   4. All of these are correct 

D) all of these are correct

1. Which of the following is true of the demographic projections for the United States 

   1. The most rapidly growing segment of the population will be those older than 85 years

   2. The baby boomer generation will have an effect on the number of elderly in coming years 

   3. Immigration tends to increase the number of young people in the population

   4. The united states is expected to have a relatively similar number of individuals in each age group in coming years, compared to either developed countries like Japan or developing countries like Nigeria 

   5. All of these are correct 

E) all of the above

1. Changes in diet, from deficiency in nutrients and calories to a diet of highly processed foods including, fats, sugars, and salt, have been described as which of the following 

   1. Epidemiological transition 

   2. Demographic transition 

   3. Nutritional transition 

   4. None of these are correct

C) nutritional transition

1. Changes in the age distribution of populations that occur as death rates and birth rates have fallen in subsequent years have been described as which of the following? 

   1. Epidemiology transition 

   2. Demographic transition

   3. Nutritional transition

   4. None of these is correct 

B) demographic transition

1. Which component of the evidence-based public health approach is best described by the following statement: Motorcycle deaths have increased in recent years at the same time that more older drivers have begun to drive motorcycles and the average horsepower of motorcycles has increased?

   1. Problem

   2. Etiology/efficacy

   3. Recommendations

   4. Implementation

   5. Evaluation 

A) problem

1. Which component of the evidence-based public health approach is best described by the following statement: Based on randomized controlled trials, it is concluded that supplemental folic acid reduces the incidence of spina bifida? 

   1. Problem

   2. Etiology/efficacy

   3. Recommendations

   4. Implementation

   5. Evaluation 

B) Etiology/ Efficacy

1. Motorcycle helmets are required of all motorcycle riders. Which of the following intervention types best describes this statement? 

   1. Primary intervention - education 

   2. Primary intervention - obligation 

   3. Secondary intervention - education 

   4. Secondary intervention - motivation 

   5. Tertiary intervention - education 

   6. Tertiary intervention - obligation 

B) Primary intervention- obligation

1. Treatment is advised for those exposed to a sexually transmitted disease even though there is no current evidence of the disease in the exposed individual. From the perspective of the exposed individual, which of the following intervention types is best described by this statement? 

   1. Primary intervention - education 

   2. Primary intervention - obligation 

   3. Secondary intervention - education 

   4. Secondary intervention - motivation 

   5. Tertiary intervention - education 

   6. Tertiary intervention - obligation

C) Secondary intervention- education

1. A patient with kidney disease is advised to get treated for bladder infection to prevent further damage to the kidney. Which of the following intervention types is best described by this statement 

   1. Primary intervention - education 

   2. Primary intervention - obligation 

   3. Secondary intervention - education 

   4. Secondary intervention - motivation 

   5. Tertiary intervention - education 

   6. Tertiary intervention - obligation 

E) tertiary intervention- education

Using the table of classification of recommendations, indicate which grade should be given to the following statement: Surgeons with experience performing a new heart procedure indicate that the new procedure produces a major improvement in cardiac performance

1. Grade A 

2. Grade B

3. Grade C

4. Grade D

5. Grade I 

E) Grade I

Using the table of classification of recommendations, indicate which grade should be given to the following statement: On the basis of good evidence, it is concluded that a new treatment cures a lower percentage of patients than the standard treatment and has approximately the same rate of adverse effects

1. Grade A 

2. Grade B

3. Grade C

4. Grade D

5. Grade I 

D) Grade D

2. The relative risk of spina bifida with use of folic acid supplementation compared to no supplementation is 0.1. Which of the following ancillary or supportive criterion is addressed by this statement? 

   1. Strength of the relationship 

   2. Dose-response relationship 

   3. Consistency 

   4. Biological plausibility 

A) strength of the relationship

1. The mechanism that predisposes some children to Reye’s syndrome is thought to have a genetic origin. Which of the following ancillary or supportive criterion is addressed by this statement? 

   1. Strength of the relationship 

   2. Dose-response relationship 

   3. Consistency 

   4. Biological plausibility 

D) biological plausibility

1. Which component of evidence based public health approach is best described by the following statement: Death rates from motorcycle accidents have been reduced after passage of required helmet laws, and when the laws have been repealed the rates have subsequently increased? (Choose all) 

   1. Problem 

   2. Etiology/efficacy 

   3. Recommendations

   4. Implementation 

   5. Evaluation 

D) implementation and E) evaluation

1. Data on diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are collected in the emergency room, and data on purchases of over-the-counter medications to treat diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are monitored through pharmacy sales. Which of the following types of data best best describes this statement 

   1. Single case or small number of cases 

   2. Statistics - vital statistics and reportable diseases 

   3. Surgery data 

   4. Self-reporting 

   5. Sentinel monitoring 

   6. Syndromic surveillance

F) syndromic surveillance

1. Patients are encouraged to fill out online reports of adverse events associated with use of drugs and vaccines through a spontaneous reporting system. Which of the following types of data best describes this statement? 

   1. Single case or small number of cases 

   2. Statistics - vital statistics and reportable diseases 

   3. Surgery data 

   4. Self-reporting 

   5. Sentinel monitoring 

   6. Syndromic surveillance 

D) self reporting

1. Data on infant deaths is collected by the health department through death certificates. Which of the following types of data best describes this statement? 

   1. Single case or small number of cases 

   2. Statistics - vital statistics and reportable diseases 

   3. Surgery data 

   4. Self-reporting 

   5. Sentinel monitoring 

   6. Syndromic surveillance

B) Statistics- vital statistics and reportable diseases

1. Which of the following statements about life expectancy is the most accurate? 

   1. It is a good predictor of the life span of the average individual born in a particular year in a particular country 

   2. An individual's age plus his or her remaining life expectancy remain constant through life 

   3. It is possible to outlive your life expectancy

   4. Life expectancy incorporates the quality of life 

   5. Life expectancy can be used to compare one country to another in the same year or compare the same country in different years 

E) life expectancy can be used to compare one country to another in the same year or compare the same country in different years

1. Which of the following decision-making approaches provides patients with only the information that the clinician believes the patient needs to know? 

   1. Inform of decision 

   2. Informed decision making-informed consent 

   3. Shared decision making 

A) inform of decision

1. A clinician uses a decision-making approach in which he or she informs the patient of all available options, including known harms and benefits for each option, but does not make a recommendation. Which of the following decision-making approaches does this best describe? 

   1. Inform of decision

   2. Informed decision making-informed consent 

   3. Shared decision making 

C) shared decision making

1. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about infant mortality rate? 

   1. It includes all deaths during the first year of life in the numerator and all live births during the year in the denominator in the equation to calculate the rate 

   2. It includes all deaths during the first month of life in the numerator and all live births and stillbirths in the denominator in the equation used to calculate the rate 

   3. It includes all deaths during the first 5 years of life in the numerator of the equation used to calculate the rate 

   4. It includes all deaths during the first 28 days of life in the numerator and all live births during the year in the denominator of the equation used to calculate the rate 

A) it includes all deaths during the first year of life in the numerator and all live births during the year in the denominator in the equation to calculate the rate

1. Which of the following is NOT true of health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)?

   1. It includes measures of morbidity and mortality

   2. It combines life expectancy with measures of the quality of dealth 

   3. WHO uses it as an overall measurement of population health status

   4. It measures the number of days spent each month (out of 30 days) with impaired of physical or mental function 

D) it measures the number of days spent each month (out of 30 days) with impairment of physical or mental function

1. Which of the following is NOT true of risk-taking attitudes 

   1. Risk-taking attitudes are similar for individuals of the same age 

   2. The most common risk-taking approach is to avoid risk taking when the current situation is tolerable and take risks when the current situation is not tolerable 

   3. Risk taking in situations where the current situation is tolerable is uncommon but does occur 

   4. Risk-avoiding in situations in which the current situation is intolerable is uncommon but does occur 

A) risk-taking attitudes are similar for individuals of the same age

1. Which of the following factors is taken into account in quantitative decision making when comparing two or more possible interventions 

   1. Probabilities of benefits and probabilities of harms of each intervention 

   2. Utilities of each benefit and each harm 

   3. The likely timing of occurrence of each benefit and each arm 

   4. All of these are correct 

D) all of these are correct

1. Joe tells his wife there is no way he is getting a colonoscopy. Which of the following stages of behavioral change is best reflected in this statement? 

   1. Precontemplation 

   2. Contemplation 

   3. Preparation

   4. Action

   5. Maintenance 

A) Precontemplation

1. After undergoing a negative colonoscopy, Joe agrees with the doctor to schedule a follow up exam in 5 years. Which of the following stages of behavioral change is best reflected in this statement? 

   1. Precontemplation 

   2. Contemplation 

   3. Preparation

   4. Action

   5. Maintenance

E) Maintenance

1. Among nursing homes within the state, administrators, who typically earn the highest salary among nursing home staff, tend to have better overall health outcomes compared to midlevel managers. In addition, the overall health outcomes among midlevel managers tend to be better than the janitorial staff members. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? 

   1. Resiliency

   2. Healthcare disparity

   3. Socioeconomic gradient and healthcomes

   4. Gini index

C socioeconomic gradient and healthcare

1. Which of the following is true of the relationship between public health and the disciplines of the social and behavioral sciences? 

   1. Public health can be viewed as an applied social science 

   2. Public health builds upon an understanding of micro and macroeconomics as it attempts to understand the public health and healthcare systems 

   3. Public health builds upon psychology as it attempts to understand how individual, organizational, and population behavior affect health 

   4. Public health builds upon political science and public policy at it attempts to formulate the role that government should play in public health and healthcare

   5. All of these are true 

E) All of the above

1. In poor areas of Asia and Africa where wood is available, indoor pollution from use of wood-burning stoves is a major cause of lung disease. When alternatives are provided at reasonable cost, they are rapidly accepted. This statement best illustrates which of the following influences on health? 

   1. Economic 

   2. Cultural 

   3. Religious

B) cultural

1. Which of the following is least true of social marketing 

   1. Social marketing is designed to convince people to do things they don’t want to do 

   2. Social marketing is an application of marketing principles to issues requiring changes in individual behaviors 

   3. Social marketing utilizes the four Ps: produce, price, place, and promotion that are used in traditional advertising 

   4. Social marking utilizes four additional Ps: publics, partnerships, policies, and purse strings 

A) social marketing is designed to convince people to do things they don’t want to do

1. A student who previously never drank alcohol began to binge drink when she transferred to a new college in which her fellow classmates spend every Friday night binge drinking. This scenario best fits which of the following ways that social systems can influence individual behavior?

   1. Shaping norms

   2. Enforcing patterns of social control 

   3. Providing opportunities to engage in certain behaviors 

   4. Reducing stress for which certain behaviors may be an effective coping strategy 

A) shaping norms

1. Which of the following is often the most successful approach to changing behavior that influences a community’s or nation’s health? 

   1. Focusing on individual factors, especially the character and determination of individuals to change behavior 

   2. Focusing on the influences of family and peers 

   3. Focusing on social phenomena that are beyond any one individual's control 

   4. All of these are correct 

D) all of these correct

1. Which of the following is a method by which socioeconomic status can affect health? 

   1. Low income may result in housing that includes risks to health 

   2. Low education may prevent parents from learning techniques for protecting their children from health risks 

   3. Low income may prevent individuals from affording high-quality foods 

   4. Low income may be associated with work that carries greater occupational hazards 

   5. All of these are correct 

E) all of these are correct

1. Which of the following principles best summarises the concept of social justice 

   1. Individuals are primarily responsible for their own health 

   2. Health care is a right 

   3. Health care is more efficiently provided through a private sector 

   4. All of these are correct

B) Health care is a right

1. Which of the following areas are included in health law? 

   1. Healthcare delivery system 

   2. Public health issues 

   3. Bioethic issues 

   4. All of these are correct 

D) All of these are correct

1. When moving from CA to PA, a nurse licensed to practice CA needs to apply for licensure in PA. Which of the following principles of United States health law is best illustrated by this statement 

   1. The interstate commerce clause of the US constitution has been sued as a basis for justifying federal action in the area of health 

   2. Provision of international law does not apply in the US unless US law incorporates the provision, such as ratification of a treaty by the US congress 

   3. The powers of the states are limited by the rights granted to individuals in the US and in their state constitutions 

   4. Health care and public health are not mentioned in the US constitution, thus the states generally have considerable authority in these areas 

D) Health care and public health are not mentioned in the US constitution, thus the states generally have considerable authority in these areas

1. Drugs manufactured in one state and sold in another are subject to regulations of the US food and drug laws. Which of the following principles of US health law is best illustrated by this statement? 

   1. The interstate commerce clause of the US constitution has been sued as a basis for justifying federal action in the area of health 

   2. Provision of international law does not apply in the US unless US law incorporates the provision, such as ratification of a treaty by the US congress 

   3. The powers of the states are limited by the rights granted to individuals in the US and in their state constitutions 

   4. Health care and public health are not mentioned in the US constitution, thus the states generally have considerable authority in these areas

A) The interstate commerce clause of the US Constitution has been sued as a basis for justifying federal action in the area of health

1. The US congress passes food safety laws that violate a treaty signed by a large number of nations, but not in the US. Which of the following principles of the US health law is best illustrated by this statement? 

   1. The interstate commerce clause of the US constitution has been sued as a basis for justifying federal action in the area of health 

   2. Provision of international law does not apply in the US unless US law incorporates the provision, such as ratification of a treaty by the US congress 

   3. The powers of the states are limited by the rights granted to individuals in the US and in their state constitutions 

   4. Health care and public health are not mentioned in the US constitution, thus the states generally have considerable authority in these areas 

B) provisions of international law does not apply in the US unless US law incorporates the provision, such as ratification of a treaty by the US congress

1. The right to privacy was established in the United States Supreme Court upon a ruling on the use of contraception. Which of the following types of law does this best illustrate 

   1. Constitutional Law 

   2. Legislative Law 

   3. Administrative regulations 

   4. Judicial law/case law 

A) Constitutional Law

1. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about protections of research subjects in the united states 

   1. Research subjects in the US have been protected based upon international law 

   2. The US has never experienced a large-scale violation of research subjects 

   3. Institutional review boards are organized to protect the rights of research participants 

   4. Research subjects can be assured that treatments offered to them are safe

A) Institutional review boards are organized to protect the rights of research participants

1. All of the following are true of a right to healthcare in the US, except: 

   1. There is a limited right to receive healthcare for life-threatening conditions 

   2. Physicians are not under a legal obligation to accept new patients 

   3. A right to health care is guaranteed by the US constitution 

   4. All of these are true 

C) A right to health care is guaranteed in the US Constitution

1. The procedures for monitoring the permissible levels of nicotine in cigarettes are developed by the Food and Drug Administration. Which of the following types of law does this best illustrate? 

   1. Constitutional Law 

   2. Legislative Statues 

   3. Administrative regulations 

   4. Judicial law/case law 

C) Administrative Regulations

1. The permissible levels of damages can be assessed against a victim in an injury caused by a defective tire are established based on a previous negligence case. Which of the following types of law does this best illustrate 

   1. Constitutional Law 

   2. Legislative Statues 

   3. Administrative regulations 

   4. Judicial law/case law

D) Judicial law/case law

During the last half of the 20th century and the early 21st century which of the following caused the largest proportion of the mortality is most developed countries and an increasing number of developing countries?

A) Noncommunicable diseases

B) Communicable Diseases

C) Environmental health and safety

D) None of these are correct

A) Noncommunicable diseases

Breast cancer is the number one cause of cancer death among young women. Which of the following criteria for an ideal screening program is best illustrated by this statement?

A) The disease produces substantial mortality and/or morbidity

B) early detection is possible and improves outcome

C) screening is feasible

D) screening is acceptable in terms of costs, harms, and patient acceptance

E) none of these are correct

A) The disease produces substantial mortality and/or morbidity

Screening has been shown to detect the vast majority of breast cancers among women older than 40 years at a stage in which effective treatment is available. Which of the following criteria for an ideal screening program is best illustrated by this statement?

A) The disease produces substantial mortality and/or morbidity

B) early detection is possible and improves outcome

C) screening is feasible

D) screening is acceptable in terms of costs, harms, and patient acceptance

E) none of these are correct

B) early detection is possible and improves outcome

Breast cancers can be detected by mammography at an earlier stage than by physical examination of the breast. Which of the following criteria for an ideal screening program is illustrated by this statement?

A) The disease produces substantial mortality and/or morbidity

B) early detection is possible and improves outcome

C) screening is feasible

D) screening is acceptable in terms of costs, harms, and patient acceptance

E) none of these are correct

E) none of these are correct

Which of the following is not a criterion for successful screening?

A) The disease produces substantial mortality and/or morbidity

B) early detection is possible and improves outcome

C) screening is feasible

D) screening reduces the overall costs of healthcare

D) screening reduces the overall costs of healthcare

Which of the following is a reason that tests are used in clinical practice?

A) screening for disease in the absence of symptoms

b) diagnosing disease in the presence of symptoms

c) establishing the cause of symptoms

d) preparing for a procedure such as surgery

e) all of these are correct

E) all of these are correct

Which of the following is not true of the screening for lung cancer using X-rays?

A) lung cancer fulfills the criteria of substantial morbidity and mortality

b) detection of lung cancer by screening chest X-ray improves outcomes

c) x-rays can detect lung cancer at advanced stages

d) screening for lung cancer among smokers by chest X-rays is not recommended

B) detection of lung cancer by screening chest X-ray improves outcomes

Assume breast cancer screening that is recommended using mammography cost an extra $5000 per QALY obtained compared to physical examination. Which of the following is best illustrated by this statement?

A) an intervention that reduces the cost while increasing the net-effectiveness compared to the comparison intervention

B) an intervention that reduces the cost while reducing the net-effectiveness compared to the comparison intervention

C) an intervention that increases the net-effectiveness while increasing the cost but is considered cost-effective compared to the comparison intervention

D) an intervention that increases the net-effectiveness while increasing the cost but is not considered cost effective compared to the comparison intervention

E) An intervention that reduces the net-effectiveness while increasing the cost compared to the comparison intervention

C) an intervention that increases the net-effectiveness while increasing the cost but is considered cost-effective compared to the comparison intervention