AQA A-level Sociology- Marxist View of Education

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What is the general Marxist view on education?

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Sociology

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1

What is the general Marxist view on education?

they are concerned with the way education meets the needs of the ruling class and believe that this is a bad thing

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2

How do schools meet the needs of the ruling class? (2 ways)

-by transmitting the ruling class ideology -by preparing workers for the capitalist workplace

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3

What did Louis Althusser argue?

that the education system is part of the ideological state apparatus, and the main role of the education system in a capitalist society is to produce an obedient, efficient labour force

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4

What is the Ideological State Apparatus?

the social institutions that affect our ideas e.g. family, religion, media, education

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5

In Althusser's theory, what does the Ideological State Apparatus transmit within society?

a set of beliefs and values that support capitalism and prepare workers for a capitalistic workplace (supports the Ruling Class Ideology)

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6

What does our belief in the Ideological State Apparatus cause?

it leads to false class consciousness as we are unaware of our exploitation within the capitalist workplace

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7

What is an example of how the agents of socialisation/social institutions brainwash us into the Ruling Class Ideology?

religion could discourage people to rebel against exploitation

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8

What was the name of Bowel's and Gintis' book?

Schooling In Capitalist America

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9

When was Bowels' and Gintis' book published?

1976

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10

What did Bowels and Gintis argue?

that the main function of education is to equip workers with the right 'attitude' to work- The Correspondence Principle

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11

What does The Correspondence Principle suggest?

that there is a close link between school and work

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12

How does The Correspondence Principle operate within education?

through the hidden curriculum

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13

What is the hidden curriculum?

everything we learn in school without realising e.g. how to behave

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14

What did Bowels and Gintis suggest was the key of education?

the key was to create a docile and compliant work force that wanted to work hard as they believed they would be rewarded for this work (meritocratic idea)

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15

What did Bowels and Gintis discover?

that the students who did well in school were the ones who conformed (did homework, were on time etc) these students were not necessarily the brightest students

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16

What are 3 criticisms of Bowel and Gintis?

  • Is everything taught in school directly linked to the economy/work?

  • Are workers/school students really docile?

  • What do employers say about school graduates- are they employable?

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17

What was the name of Paul Willis' study?

Learning to Labour

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18

What year was this study published?

1977

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19

Who did Paul Willis study?

a group of working-class school boys

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20

What did Paul Willis discover in his study?

that these boys had developed a 'counter- school culture' that helped them both cope with the boredom of school, and set them up for manual work

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21

What did Willis' study population reject?

the 'con' that working-class boys can get good grades (they rejected meritocracy)

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22

Does Willis' study support Functionalism?

no- it challenges it as it does not follow meritocracy

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23

Does Willis' study support Marxism?

fundamentally, it does as it shows that school prepares the working class for working class jobs

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24

What does Pierre Bourdieu argue?

that middle class families are able to do better in the education system as the possess 4 types of 'capital'

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25

What are the 4 types of 'capital'?

Social Economic Educational Cultural

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26

What does Educational Capital suggest?

that all other capitals can be converted into educational capital e.g. economic capital can be converted into educational capital as the parents pay for private education in order for their children to get better grades

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27

What does Economic Capital suggest?

that more well off families are able to provide material educational advantages for their children e.g. tutors

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28

What does Social Capital suggest?

that middle-class families have a network of friends, colleagues, and associates that can help to get their children into the more prestigious schools, and the right work placements

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29

What does Cultural Capital suggest?

this is the knowledge, attitudes, and values that enable middle-class' families' children to succeed in school e.g. they value homework and are more likely to make their children complete it

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30

Define Hierarchy:

the ranking of members in social groups based on the power, influence, or dominance they have, thus some members are superior or subordinate to others

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31

Define Fragmentation:

the absence or underdevelopment of connections between a society and the grouping of certain of its members

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32

Define Habitus:

a concept developed by Pierre Bourdieu and refers to the norms, values, attitudes, and behaviours of a particular social group (or social class)

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33

Define Myth of Meritocracy:

the proletariat are persuaded to believe that the rich and powerful reached their positions through their hard work and natural ability rather than because of their privileged birth because this led them to accept inequality as fair- this is untrue

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34

Define Secular:

the process by which religious thinking, practices and institutions lose their social significance

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35

Identify 5 ways in which school mirrors the world of work:

respecting authority respect for other pupils' opinions. punctuality aspiring to achieve having a 'work ethic'

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36

What do Marxists claim is the role of education (2 things)

Reproduce inequalities Serves to legitimise inequalities through myth of meritocracy

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37

How are these inequalities reproduced within schools?

e.g. through uniform, and stereotyping/labelling

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38

How are the inequalities legitimised?

making the education system appear equal: same classrooms, same uniform etc this means that individuals come to terms with their position and don’t start a revolution

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39

What is Bordieu’s habitus?

The dominant class has the power to impose it’s own habitus in the education system, those from middle-class backgrounds have more access, and this is called cultural capital

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40

What are the four ways in which the Correspondence Principle happens in society?

  • It helps produce a subservient workforce of uncritical, passive and docile workers

  • Encourages an acceptance of hierarchy and authority

  • Motivation by external rewards e.g. promotion

  • Fragmentation of subjects at school

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