APUSH Period 4

jefferson’s election

jefferson’s election

election of 1800, there was a tie but the house of representatives (specifically hamilton) swayed the vote in jefferson’s favor

significance: was the first peaceful transfer if power from federalists to democratic republicans, led to the 12th amendment (parties can represent both president & vp)

louisiana purchase

since new orleans started blocking US ships from using their ports, jefferson decided that the only way to avoid war was to purchase new orleans (louisiana), which france was willing to do since napoleon was at war and needed money to fund it

significance: doubled size of the country, removed foreign presence, guarenteed extension of west beyond mississippi river, strengthened jefferson’s goal of creating an agrarian society, increased jefferson’s popularity

barbary wars

pirates on the coast of africa were capturing US ships and enslaving the american citizens, this angered jefferson and so he paid them off but when they requested more he declined which caused the pirates to declare war on the US, we eventually reached peace with them and they did not interfere until after the war of 1812 ended

marbury vs madison

marbury was appointed in adams’ “midnight appointments” but since it didnt get delivered before jefferson took office, marbury was turned down his job, took it to court and the supreme court decided that marbury was entitled to his job

significance: established the supreme court‘s power of judicial review (the ability to decide is something is unconstitutional)

fletcher vs peck

significance: concluded a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract

worcester vs georgia

only the federal government could make treaties with native americans but georgia wanted to make their own laws

significance: states could not make laws that defied federal laws

causes of the war of 1812

continued impressment of US sailors, incitement by native americans on frontier, war hawks wanted more land in canada

treaty of ghent

outcome of the war of 1812

ended the war, returned all conquered territory to prewar owners, recognized prewar boundary between US and canada

missouri compromise

missouri was to be admitted as a slave state while main would be free, basically every area north of the line at latitude 36 degrees was a free state while everything south was slave state

war on banks

Jackson believed that banks had too much power and unconstitutional so in 1832 he vetoed the bank charter and waged war against the bank

Nullification crisis

South Carolina passed the nullification act which declared the tariff of abominations illegal and threatened sucession if it continued, basically states had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or declare it void, Jackson feared a civil war so he lowered the tariff

significance: marked the start of tensions between north and south

Spoils system

Jackson elected unqualified politicians to take office in his cabinet because he was the victor of the election and “to the victor belong the spoils (benefits)”

Nativism

prejudice towards immigrants

Abolition

The movement to end slavery and the slave trade, advocating for the rights and freedom of enslaved individuals, particularly prominent in the 19th century in the United States.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections; significant movements in the 19th and early 20th centuries aimed to extend suffrage, particularly to women and African Americans.

Hartford Convention

A gathering of New England Federalists in 1814-1815 to discuss grievances against the War of 1812 and propose constitutional amendments. It marked a decline in the Federalist Party's influence.

cotton gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that quickly separates cotton fibers from seeds, significantly increasing the efficiency of cotton processing and leading to the expansion of the cotton industry in the Southern U.S.

Cult of Domesticity

A 19th-century belief that emphasized the role of women as defined by domestic duties and moral responsibilities, promoting the idea that a woman's true place was in the home, focusing on family and household management.

Monroe Doctrine

outcome of the war of 1812

basically forbade any other nation to colonize/ influence within the US, the american people were not subjects anymore

adams-onis treaty

outcome of the war of 1812

(florida purchase treaty) Spain turned over all of Florida and its claims to the Oregon territory to the US in exchange for $5 million in claims and territorial claims in Texas

war on native americans

Jackson passed the Indian removal act in which Indians were supposed to move in order to make room for American settlers but some native Americans resisted and so Congress had to force them to leave (trail of tears) and eventually, the Seminole wars broke out in Florida until the Seminoles were defeated and forced to leave

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival that occurred in the early 19th century in the United States, characterized by widespread revivals, an emphasis on individual piety, and a belief in the perfectibility of society.

The changing role of women after the War of 1812

Following the War of 1812, women's roles began to shift from primarily domestic responsibilities to increased participation in social reform movements, education, and eventually advocating for suffrage, reflecting a growing recognition of women's capabilities beyond the home.

Henry David Thoreau

An American transcendentalist writer and philosopher known for his book 'Walden,' which reflects on simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay 'Civil Disobedience,' advocating for nonviolent resistance to unjust government.

Temperance Reform

A social movement in the 19th and early 20th centuries aimed at reducing or prohibiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages, advocating for moderation or abstinence as a means to improve society and individual health.

Abolition Reform

The movement aimed at ending slavery and the slave trade, advocating for the rights and freedom of enslaved individuals, particularly prominent in the 19th century.

Women’s Suffrage Reform

A movement aimed at granting women the right to vote in political elections, gaining momentum in the 19th and early 20th centuries, highlighting issues of gender equality and civil rights.

Mentally Ill Reform

A movement in the 19th century aimed at improving the treatment and conditions of individuals with mental illness, advocating for more humane approaches, better facilities, and the recognition of mental health as an important aspect of overall health.

Education Reform

A movement aimed at improving public education systems in the 19th century, advocating for increased accessibility, better curricula, and the establishment of public schools to promote literacy and civic engagement.

New technology

textile machinery (power loom), interchangeable parts, cotton gin

New transportation

Steam engine, railroads

Urbanization

urbanization in America began to accelerate as more people move to cities in search of job opportunities and better living conditions, but this rapid growth also brought problems, including high crime rates, and infectious diseases

Immigration Increase

The Market Revolution in the early 19th century led to a significant increase in immigration as people sought economic opportunities, contributing to the growth of cities and the labor force in the United States. they lived and worked in the growing industrial sector

lowell Mills

A factory system that employed large numbers of young single women to work in textile mills, characterized by strict discipline and long working hours

Cultural Differences and Sectionalism

The south relied more on slavery due to its agricultural nature

Population in North & South and Sectionalism

During the 19th century, the North experienced rapid industrialization and urban growth, leading to a higher population density and diverse workforce, while the South remained predominantly rural with a reliance on agriculture and slavery, contributing to sectional tensions.