Axial & Appendicular Skeleton

sutures

immovable joints

only skull bone that is attached w/ a movable joint

mandible

# of bones in the vertebral column

26; 33 at birth

parts of the vertebral column (in order) and # of vertebrae

1. cervical spine - 7

2. thoracic spine - 12

3. lumbar spine - 5

4. sacrum - 5 fused

5. coccyx - 3-5 fused

sections of the vertebral column that are concave

cervical, lumbar, coccyx

sections of the vertebral column that are convex

thoracic, sacrum

primary curvature

present at birth; thoracic, sacrum, coccyx

secondary curvature

cervical: develops when babies hold head up

lumbar: develops when babies walk

lordosis

concave curvature of lower spine is too much

kyphosis

“hump back”, convex curve of upper spine is too much

each vertebra has

body, arch, processes

how vertebrae attached w/ eachother

superior articular process of one snaps in place w/ inferior articular process of another. creates intervertebral foramen

intervertebral foramen

gaps btwn vertebrae where spinal nerves come out

intervertebral disks are made of

fibrocartilage, more specifically

• Annulus fibrosis- fibrous ring along outside

• Nucleus pulposus- internal pulp

cervical vertebrae

• spinous process split

• transverse foramen present, allows arteries through

C1 atlas

• no body/spinous process

• large superior articular process to join w/ skull

• allows for “yes” nod

C2 axis

• allows for rotation

• dens protrude into C1

sacrum

joins w/ hip bones to form sacroiliac joint

coccyx

no foramen or processes

parts of sternum

1. manubrium

2. body (gladiolous)

3. xiphoid process

ribs attached to sternum

• 7 ribs connected

  • 1- manubrium

  • 1- sternal angle

  • 5- body

how many ribs are there?

12 in total

• 7 true ribs

• 8-12 = false ribs

• last 2 = floating ribs

intercostal space

space btwn ribs; filled w/ intercostal muscle

features of the clavicle

acromial end - lateral

sternal end - medial; attaches to the manubrium of the sternum

features of the humerus

• head articulates at glenoid process of scapula

• capitulum articulates w/ radius

• trochea articulates w/ ulna

capitulum

part of the humerous that articulates with the radius

trochlea

part of the humerus that articulates with the ulna

features of the ulna

• trochlear notch - connects w/ trochlea of the humerous

• radial notch - articulates w/ radius

• styloid process on distal end where wrist bones attach

features of the radius

articulates w/ ulna at radial notch of the ulna

proximal row of carpal bones, lateral to medial

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

*pisiform can’t be seen in posterior view

distal row of carpal bones, medial to lateral

hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

carpal bones mnemonic

so long to pinky, here comes the thumb

parts of the coxal bones

ilium, ischium, pubic bone

what makes up the pelvic girdle?

coxal bones + sacrum

features of the femur

• head articulates w/ acetabulum of coxal bones

• greater + lesser trochanters on head

• lateral + medial chondyles articulate w/ tibia

features of tibia

• medial, larger, weight-bearing

• tibial tuberosity felt below knee

• tibial crest felt on shin

• medial malleolus at distal end makes the inner ankle bone

features of fibula

• lateral, smaller

• head articulates to tibia, not femur

• lateral malleolus at distal end makes lateral ankle wall

proximal row of tarsal bones, distal to proximal

navicular, talus, calcaneous

tarsal bones mnemonic

proximal row: no thanks cow

distal row: MILC

distal row of tarsal bones, medial to lateral

medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid

name for big toe

hallux