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Soil
-fundamental component of eath ecosystem
-foundation for plant growth, water filtration, habitat for microorganism
Minerals
organic MAtter
water
air
soil is composed of?
Minerals
consists of sand, silt, clay
-it determines soilis texturea nd permeability
Organuc Matter
it contributes to soil fertility through providing essential nutrients
water and air
supports plant roots and ,icroorganism
water infiltration
root penetration
aeration
good soil structure results to
Aggregates
it influences soil’s abikity to reatin moisture and resist eriosion
O
A
B
C
R
soil has distinct layers/ horizon
Horizon O
topmost layer in decomposed material
Horizon A (Topsoil)
minerals and organic materials for plant growth
Horizon b (SUBSOIL)
minerals from upper layers
Horizon C
weathered parent material
Horizon R
bedrock layer
Soil erosion
-it is the displacement of topsoil due to water, wind / human activities
Soil Degredation
it is the intensive agriculture and industrial pollution
sustainable agriculture management and land management strategies
to combat those problems you need to have
Conservation Tillage
reducing plowing
Crop rotation and cover crops
enhancing soil fertility and prevent nutrient depletion
agroforestry
integrating tress and shurbs
Contour farming and terracing
reducing runoff and soil erosion on slopes
composting and organic amendments
improving soil fertility and microbial health
Efficient water management
implementing irrigations
Biochar Application
increasing carbon sequestration
Integrated Pest MAnagemnet (IPM)
reducing reliance in chemical pesticides